Approximate method for predicting the permanent set in a beam in vacuo and in water subject to a shock wave

An approximate method to compute the maximum deformation and permanent set of a beam subjected to shock wave laoding in vacuo and in water was investigated. The method equates the maximum kinetic energy of the beam (and water) to the elastic plastic work done by a static uniform load applied to a beam. Results for the water case indicate that the plastic deformation is controlled by the kinetic energy of the water. The simplified approach can result in significant savings in computer time or it can expediently be used as a check of results from a more rigorous approach. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated by various examples of beams with simple support and clamped support boundary conditions

Copepods from warm-core ring 82-H

See Supplementary information.txt for information regarding how access and use the files in WHOI-89-24-data.zipNet tows were collected with a Multiple Opening/Closing Net Environmental Sampling System (MOCNESS) carrying twenty 1-m2 nets in October 1982 in and near warm-core ring 82-H in the North Atlantic (RV/Knorr cruise 98). This report includes the species list and abundance tables of the copepods found in five of the tows. There are four types of abundance tables: raw data, standardized to #/1000 m3 , integrated #/m2 to 1000 m depth, and cumulative percents over the depth of the tows.Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through grant Number OCE 80-12748, OCE 85-08350, OCE 87-09962, OCE 80-19055, and OCE 80-17271

Comparison of a Synthetic Chemical Lure and Standard Fermented Baits for Trapping Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

We determined the attractiveness of a new chemical lure compared with fermented food baits in use for trapping Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, spotted wing drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae), in Connecticut, New York, and Washington in the United States and at Dossenheim in Germany. The chemical lure (SWD lure) and food baits were compared in two types of traps: the dome trap and a cup trap. Regardless of trap type, numbers of male and female D. suzukii trapped were greater with the SWD lure compared with apple cider vinegar (ACV) baits at the Washington and New York sites, and were comparable with numbers of D. suzukii captured with a wine plus vinegar bait (W + V) at Germany site and a combination bait meant to mimic W + V at the Connecticut site. Averaged over both types of attractants, the numbers of D. suzukii captured were greater in dome traps than in cup traps in New York and Connecticut for both male and female D. suzukii and in Washington for male D. suzukii. No such differences were found between trap types at the Washington site for female and Germany for male and female D. suzukii. Assessments were also made of the number of large (>0.5 cm) and small (<0.5 cm) nontarget flies trapped. The SWD lure captured fewer nontarget small flies and more large flies compared with ACV bait in New York and fewer nontarget small flies compared with W + V in Germany, although no such differences were found in Washington for the SWD lure versus ACV bait and in Connecticut for the SWD lure versus the combination bait, indicating that these effects are likely influenced by the local nontarget insect community active at the time of trapping. In New York, Connecticut, and Germany, dome traps caught more nontarget flies compared with cup traps. Our results suggest that the four-component SWD chemical lure is an effective attractant for D. suzukii and could be used in place of fermented food-type bait

Interdisciplinary study of warm core ring physics, chemistry, and biology

We are conducting an interdisciplinary study of the structure and dynamics of Gulf Stream \Warm Core Rings by a time series investigation of selected rings. This program consists of highly integrated components which include physical, chemical, and biological investigation and modeling studies. These components are designed to provide information on the structure of rings and exchange mechanisms at ring boundaries, on their marine chemistry, and on the environmental controls of biological activity of selected constituents associated with Warm Core Rings. This research is being conducted by approximately two dozen investigators from thirteen marine institutions. An interdisciplinary program of the scope proposed is required in order to understand the interdependence among biological, chemical, and physical processes in the ocean. This study of the structure and evolution of Warm Core Rings will enhance the understanding of fundamental oceanic processes and the role of rings in the region where they occur

The Sec1/Munc18 protein Vps45 regulates cellular levels of its SNARE binding partners Tlg2 and Snc2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Intracellular membrane trafficking pathways must be tightly regulated to ensure proper functioning of all eukaryotic cells. Central to membrane trafficking is the formation of specific SNARE (soluble N-ethylmeleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) complexes between proteins on opposing lipid bilayers. The Sec1/Munc18 (SM) family of proteins play an essential role in SNARE-mediated membrane fusion, and like the SNAREs are conserved through evolution from yeast to humans. The SM protein Vps45 is required for the formation of yeast endosomal SNARE complexes and is thus essential for traffic through the endosomal system. Here we report that, in addition to its role in regulating SNARE complex assembly, Vps45 regulates cellular levels of its SNARE binding partners: the syntaxin Tlg2 and the v-SNARE Snc2: Cells lacking Vps45 have reduced cellular levels of Tlg2 and Snc2; and elevation of Vps45 levels results in concomitant increases in the levels of both Tlg2 and Snc2. As well as regulating traffic through the endosomal system, the Snc v-SNAREs are also required for exocytosis. Unlike most vps mutants, cells lacking Vps45 display multiple growth phenotypes. Here we report that these can be reversed by selectively restoring Snc2 levels in vps45 mutant cells. Our data indicate that as well as functioning as part of the machinery that controls SNARE complex assembly, Vps45 also plays a key role in determining the levels of its cognate SNARE proteins; another key factor in regulation of membrane traffic

Practical analysis of welding processes using finite element analysis.

With advances in commercially available finite element software and computational capability, engineers can now model large-scale problems in mechanics, heat transfer, fluid flow, and electromagnetics as never before. With these enhancements in capability, it is increasingly tempting to include the fundamental process physics to help achieve greater accuracy (Refs. 1-7). While this goal is laudable, it adds complication and drives up cost and computational requirements. Practical analysis of welding relies on simplified user inputs to derive important relativistic trends in desired outputs such as residual stress or distortion due to changes in inputs like voltage, current, and travel speed. Welding is a complex three-dimensional phenomenon. The question becomes how much modeling detail is needed to accurately predict relative trends in distortion, residual stress, or weld cracking? In this work, a HAZ (Heat Affected Zone) weld-cracking problem was analyzed to rank two different welding cycles (weld speed varied) in terms of crack susceptibility. Figure 1 shows an aerospace casting GTA welded to a wrought skirt. The essentials of part geometry, welding process, and tooling were suitably captured lo model the strain excursion in the HAZ over a crack-susceptible temperature range, and the weld cycles were suitably ranked. The main contribution of this work is the demonstration of a practical methodology by which engineering solutions to engineering problems may be obtained through weld modeling when time and resources are extremely limited. Typically, welding analysis suffers with the following unknowns: material properties over entire temperature range, the heat-input source term, and environmental effects. Material properties of interest are conductivity, specific heat, latent heat, modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield strength, ultimate strength, and possible rate dependencies. Boundary conditions are conduction into fixturing, radiation and convection to the environment, and any mechanical constraint. If conductivity, for example, is only known at a few temperatures it can be linearly extrapolated from the highest known temperature to the liquidus temperature. Over the liquidus to solidus temperature the conductivity is linearly increased by a factor of three to account for the enhanced heat transfer due to convection in the weld pool. Above the liquidus it is kept constant. Figure 2 shows an example of this type of approximation. Other thermal and mechanical properties and boundary conditions can be similarly approximated, using known physical material characteristics when possible. Sensitivity analysis can show that many assumptions have a small effect on the final outcome of the analysis. In the example presented in this work, simplified analysis procedures were used to model this process to understand why one set of parameters is superior to the other. From Lin (Ref. 8), mechanical strain is expected to drive HAZ cracking. Figure 3 shows a plot of principal tensile mechanical strain versus temperature during the welding process. By looking at the magnitudes of the tensile mechanical strain in the material's Brittle Temperature Region (BTR), it can be seen that on a relative basis the faster travel speed process that causes cracking results in about three times the strain in the temperature range of the BTR. In this work, a series of simplifying assumptions were used in order to quickly and accurately model a real welding process to respond to an immediate manufacturing need. The analysis showed that the driver for HAZ cracking, the mechanical strain in the BTR, was significantly higher in the process that caused cracking versus the process that did not. The main emphasis of the analysis was to determine whether there was a mechanical reason whether the improved weld parameters would consistently produce an acceptable weld, The prediction of the mechanical strain magnitudes confirms the better process

Enhancement and suppression effects resulting from information structuring in sentences

Information structuring through the use of cleft sentences increases the processing efficiency of references to elements within the scope of focus. Furthermore, there is evidence that putting certain types of emphasis on individual words not only enhances their subsequent processing, but also protects these words from becoming suppressed in the wake of subsequent information, suggesting mechanisms of enhancement and suppression. In Experiment 1, we showed that clefted constructions facilitate the integration of subsequent sentences that make reference to elements within the scope of focus, and that they decrease the efficiency with reference to elements outside of the scope of focus. In Experiment 2, using an auditory text-change-detection paradigm, we showed that focus has similar effects on the strength of memory representations. These results add to the evidence for enhancement and suppression as mechanisms of sentence processing and clarify that the effects occur within sentences having a marked focus structure

Phenology in Calanus funmarchicus; hypotheses about control mechanisms

Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus) stratify narrowly near 500 m depth during their fifth copepodite resting phase in North Atlantic Slope Water off southern New England, USA. They probably achieve this by migration to a specific, daytime isolume. Photoperiod information provided by light intensity at depth could serve as a cure for termination of the resting phase. Population data on tooth formation and gonad growth show that the resting stock prepares for termination in late winter and matures in February-March. Photoperiods are lengthening throughout that seasonal interval, and might cue arousal. An endogenous, 'long-range' timer that cues arousal after an interval of rest is another possible mechanism

Biodiversity-productivity relationships are key to nature-based climate solutions

The global impacts of biodiversity loss and climate change are interlinked, but the feedbacks between them are rarely assessed. Areas with greater tree diversity tend to be more productive, providing a greater carbon sink, and biodiversity loss could reduce these natural carbon sinks. Here, we quantify how tree and shrub species richness could affect biomass production on biome, national and regional scales. We find that GHG mitigation could help maintain tree diversity and thereby avoid a 9–39% reduction in terrestrial primary productivity across different biomes, which could otherwise occur over the next 50 years. Countries that will incur the greatest economic damages from climate change stand to benefit the most from conservation of tree diversity and primary productivity, which contribute to climate change mitigation. Our results emphasize an opportunity for a triple win for climate, biodiversity and society, and highlight that these co-benefits should be the focus of reforestation programmes

Understanding Face and Shame: A Servant-Leadership and Face Management Model

Clergy can have a negative impact on churches and other individuals when they knowingly or unknowingly attempt to save face, that is, try to protect their standing or reputation. The desire to gain face and the fear of losing face and feeling ashamed will likely permeate clergy’s decision-making processes without even being noticed. This study explores the essence of face and face management and the relationship between face management and two characteristics of servant-leadership—awareness and healing—in both Chinese and American churches through the methodology of hermeneutic phenomenology. Prior to this study, to my knowledge, no hermeneutic phenomenological research of face management has been conducted in a church setting. Through a review of the literature, four areas are explored: face and shame, face management, servant-leadership, and face, shame, and face management within the church. This study obtained approval from the Institutional Review Board and informed consent from the participants. Three Chinese and three American Christian ministers were chosen to complete a question sheet and participate in two semi-structured interview sessions. A first cycle of open coding and second cycle of pattern coding were used during data analysis. Face experiences are discussed in light of eight major themes: body, triggers, becoming, face concepts, strategies, emotions, servant-leadership, and the church. Findings from the study help build a servant-leadership and face management model, which can offer an anchored approach for clergy and pastoral counselors to address face and shame and to develop therapeutic interventions