660 research outputs found
Hierarchical Set Decision Diagrams and Regular Models
This paper presents algorithms and data structures that exploit a compositional and hierarchical specification to enable more efficient symbolic model-checking. We encode the state space and transition relation using hierarchical Set Decision Diagrams (SDD) [9]. In SDD, arcs of the structure are labeled with sets, themselves stored as SDD.
To exploit the hierarchy of SDD, a structured model representation is needed. We thus introduce a formalism integrating a simple notion of type and instance. Complex composite behaviors are obtained using a synchronization mechanism borrowed from process calculi. Using this relatively general framework, we investigate how to capture similarities in regular and concurrent models. Experimental results are presented, showing that this approach can outperform in time and memory previous work in this area
A note on the minimum distance of quantum LDPC codes
We provide a new lower bound on the minimum distance of a family of quantum
LDPC codes based on Cayley graphs proposed by MacKay, Mitchison and
Shokrollahi. Our bound is exponential, improving on the quadratic bound of
Couvreur, Delfosse and Z\'emor. This result is obtained by examining a family
of subsets of the hypercube which locally satisfy some parity conditions
Efficient Emptiness Check for Timed B\"uchi Automata (Extended version)
The B\"uchi non-emptiness problem for timed automata refers to deciding if a
given automaton has an infinite non-Zeno run satisfying the B\"uchi accepting
condition. The standard solution to this problem involves adding an auxiliary
clock to take care of the non-Zenoness. In this paper, it is shown that this
simple transformation may sometimes result in an exponential blowup. A
construction avoiding this blowup is proposed. It is also shown that in many
cases, non-Zenoness can be ascertained without extra construction. An
on-the-fly algorithm for the non-emptiness problem, using non-Zenoness
construction only when required, is proposed. Experiments carried out with a
prototype implementation of the algorithm are reported.Comment: Published in the Special Issue on Computer Aided Verification - CAV
2010; Formal Methods in System Design, 201
Infection levels and species diversity of ascaridoid nematodes in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, are correlated with geographic area and fish size
Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is among the most important commercial fish species on the world market. Its
infection by ascaridoid nematodes has long been known, Pseudoterranova even being named cod worm. In the
present study, 755 individuals were sampled in the Barents, Baltic and North Seas during 2012–2014.
Prevalences for Anisakis in whole fish and in fillets in the different fishing areas varied from 16 to 100% and
from 12 to 90% respectively. Abundance was also greatly influenced by the sampling area. Generalized additive
model results indicate higher numbers of Anisakis in the North Sea, even after the larger body size was accounted
for. Numbers and prevalence of Anisakis were positively related to fish length or weight. The prevalence of
parasites in whole fish and in fillets was also influenced by the season, with the spring displaying a peak for the
prevalence in whole fish and, at the same time, a drop for the prevalence in fillets. Whereas 46% of cod had
Anisakis larvae in their fillets, the majority (39%) had parasites mainly in the ventral part of the fillet and only
12% had parasites in their dorsal part. This observation is of importance for the processing of the fish. Indeed,
the trimming of the ventral part of the cod fillet would allow the almost total elimination of ascaridoids except
for cod from the Baltic Sea where there was no difference between the dorsal and the ventral part.
The presence of other ascaridoid genera was also noticeable in some areas. For Pseudoterranova, the highest
prevalence (45%) in whole fish was observed in the Northern North Sea, whereas the other areas had prevalences between 3 and 16%. Contracaecum was present in every commercial size cod sampled in the Baltic Sea
with an intensity of up to 96 worms but no Contracaecum was isolated from the Central North Sea. Non-zoonotic
Hysterothylacium was absent from the Baltic Sea but with a prevalence of 83% in the Barents and the Northern
North Sea.
A subsample of worms was identified with genetic-molecular tools and assigned to the species A. simplex (s.s.),
A. pegreffii, P. decipiens (s.s.), P. krabbei, C. osculatum and H. aduncum. In addition to high prevalence and
abundance values, the cod sampled in this study presented a diversity of ascaridoid nematodes with a majority of
fish displaying a co-infection. Out of 295 whole infected fish, 269 were co-infected by at least 2 genera
Dual controlled delivery of squalenoyl-gemcitabine and paclitaxel using thermo-responsive polymeric micelles for pancreatic cancer
In this study we report the synthesis of a themroresponsive block copolymer by reversible addition
fragmentation transfer polymerization comprising poly(2-ethylhexyl methacrylate)-b-poly[di(ethylene
glycol)methyl ether methacrylate-co-oligo(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate] as hydrophobic
and thermoresponsive blocks respectively. The polymer self-assembles into sub-50 micelles and can
carry simultaneously two drug molecules, namely squalene-gemcitabine and paclitaxel. Both drugs can
be released from the micellar compartment in a thermally controlled manner owing to the controllable
disruption of the micellar corona above the lower critical solution temperature of the polymer. We
demonstrate that the formulation augments synergistically the cytotoxicity of the two drugs in vitro
against a model pancreatic cancer cell line. More importantly, it is shown that the polymer exerts a
direct interaction with the cell membrane which further augments the cytotoxicity of the drug cargo in
a thermally controlled manne
An incremental modular technique for checking LTL-X properties on Petri nets
Model-checking is a powerful and widespread technique for the verification of finite state concurrent systems. However, the main hindrance for wider application of this technique is the well-known state explosion problem. Modular verification is a promising natural approach to tackle this problem. It is based on the "divide and conquer" principle and aims at deducing the properties of the system from those of its components analysed in isolation. Unfortunately, several issues make the use of modular verification techniques difficult in practice. First, deciding how to partition the system into components is not trivial and can have a significant impact on the resources needed for verification. Second, when model-checking a component in isolation, how should the environment of this component be described? In this paper, we address these problems in the framework of model-checking LTL\X action-based properties on Petri nets. We propose an incremental and modular verification approach where the system model is partitioned according to the actions occurring in the property to be verified and where the environment of a component is taken into account using the linear place invariants of the system
Cloning and Expression of Major Surface Antigen 1 Gene of Toxoplasma gondii RH Strain Using the Expression Vector pVAX1 in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells
Background: Toxoplasmosis is an opportunistic protozoan infection with a high prevalence in a broad range of hosts infecting up to onethird
of the world human population. Toxoplasmosis leads to serious medical problems in immunocompromised individuals and fetuses
and also induces abortion and mortality in domestic animals. Therefore, there is a huge demand for the development of an effective
vaccine. Surface Antigen 1 (SAG1) is one of the important immunodominant surface antigens of Toxoplasma gondii, which interacts with
host cells and primarily involved in adhesion, invasion and stimulation of host immune response. Surface antigen 1 is considered as the
leading candidate for development of an effective vaccine against toxoplasmosis.
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to clone the major surface antigen1 gene (SAG1) from the genotype 1 of T. gondii, RH strain into
the eukaryotic expression vector pVAX1 in order to use for a DNA vaccine.
Materials and Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from tachyzoite of the parasite using the QIAamp DNA mini kit. After designing the
specific primers, SAG1 gene was amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The purified PCR products were then cloned into a pPrime
plasmid vector. The aforementioned product was subcloned into the pVAX1 eukaryotic expression vector. The recombinant pVAX1-SAG1
was then transfected into Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells and expression of SAG1 antigen was evaluated using Reverse Transcriptase
Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) and Western Blotting (WB).
Results: The cloning and subcloning products (pPrime-SAG1 and pVAX1-SAG1 plasmid vectors) of SAG1 gene were verified and confirmed by
enzyme digestion and sequencing. A 30 kDa recombinant protein was expressed in CHO cells as shown by IFA and WB methods.
Conclusions: The pVAX1 expression vector and CHO cells are a suitable system for high-level recombinant protein production for SAG1
gene from T. gondii parasites and are promising approaches for antigen preparation in vaccine development
Is there a best Büchi automaton for explicit model checking?
LTL to Büchi automata (BA) translators are traditionally optimized to produce automata with a small number of states or a small number of non-deterministic states. In this paper, we search for properties of Büchi automata that really influence the performance of explicit model checkers. We do that by manual analysis of several automata and by experiments with common LTL-to-BA translators and realistic verification tasks. As a result of these experiences, we gain a better insight into the characteristics of automata that work well with Spin.Překladače LTL na Büchiho automaty jsou obvykle optimalizovány tak, aby produkovaly automaty s co nejmenším počtem stavů, či s co nejmenším počtem nedeterministických stavů. V této publikaci hledáme vlastnosti Büchiho automatů, které skutečně ovlivňují výkon nástrojů pro explicitní metodu ověřování modelu (model checking). A to pomocí manuální analýzy několika automatů a experimenty s běžnými překladače LTL na automaty a realistickými verifikačními úlohami. Výsledkem těchto experimentů je lepší porozumění charakteristik automatů, které jsou dobré pro model checker Spin
Применение метода контрольных возмущений для определения характерных узлов присоединения комплексной нагрузки при расчетах динамической устойчивости
Рассматривается влияние способа замещения комплексной нагрузки на характер электромеханических переходных процессов в электрических системах (ЭС) от действия больших возмущений. Показано, что установить общие рекомендации относительно способа замещения нагрузки в сложных ЭС затруднительно. Предлагается для определения характерных узлов нагрузки, оказывающих существенное влияние на характер динамического перехода, применять известный метод контрольных возмущений. Приводятся результаты сравнительных расчетов с использованием предлагаемой методики
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