Resistance jump training may reverse the weakened biomechanical behavior of tendons of diabetic Wistar rats

Background: resistance training is widely applied in non-diabetic physical protocol showing effectiveness in improving the tendon tissue. To address this gap, we assessed the effects of resistance training on aquatic environment, on the biomechanical properties of the calcaneal tendon of diabetic Wistar rats. Methods: 59 male Wistar rats were evaluated for 60 days, they were randomly divided into the following groups: Sedentary Control Group (SCG, n=15), Sedentary Diabetic Group (SDG, n=15), Trained Control Group (TCG, n=14) and Trained Diabetic Group (TDG, n=15). After randomization the animals from the SDG and the TDG were induced to Diabetes Mellitus by intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). The animals on the trained groups performed resistance exercise that consisted of jumping in an aquatic environment. After nine weeks the calcaneal tendons were collected and tractioned on a conventional mechanical testing machine. Results: the analysis of biomechanical parameters showed lower values in elastic modulus (p=0.000), maximum strength tension (p=0.000) and energy/area (p=0.008) in TDG compared to SDG in addition to an increase on the cross-sectional area (p=0.002). There was no difference for the specific deformation variable. Conclusion: the training protocol used restored some biomechanical parameters of the calcaneal tendon in rats induced to diabetes, thus, resulting in an improvement of its mechanical efficiency.Antecedentes: o treinamento de resistência é amplamente aplicado no protocolo físico não diabético mostrando eficiência na melhoria do tecido do tendão. Para abordar esta lacuna, avaliamos os efeitos do treinamento de resistência no ambiente aquático, nas propriedades biomecânicas do tendão calcâneo de ratos Wistar diabéticos. Métodos: 59 ratos Wistar machos foram avaliados por 60 dias, os quais foram divididos aleatoriamente nos seguintes grupos: Grupo de Controle Sedentário (GCS, n=15), Grupo Diabético Sedentário (GDS, n=15), Grupo de Controle Treinado (GCT, n=14) e Grupo Diabético Treinado (GDT, n=15). Após a randomização, os animais do GDS e do CDT foram induzidos a diabetes mellitus por injeção intraperitoneal de Streptozotocin (60mg/kg). Os animais dos grupos treinados realizaram exercícios de resistência que consistiam em saltar em um ambiente aquático. Após nove semanas, os tendões calcaneares foram coletados e tracionados em uma máquina convencional de teste mecânico. Resultados: A análise dos parâmetros biomecânicos mostrou valores mais baixos em módulo elástico (p=0,000), tensão máxima de força (p=0,000) e energia/área (p=0,008) em GDT em comparação com GDS, além de um aumento na área transversal (p=0,002). Não houve diferença para a variável de deformação específica. Conclusão: o protocolo de treinamento usado restaurou alguns parâmetros biomecânicos do tendão calcâneo em ratos induzidos a diabetes, resultando, assim, na melhoria da eficiência mecânica.Antecedentes: el entrenamiento de resistencia se aplica ampliamente en el protocolo físico no diabético mostrándose la efectividad en la mejora del tejido del tendón. Para abordar esta brecha, evaluamos los efectos del entrenamiento de resistencia en el ambiente acuático, en las propiedades biomecánicas del tendón calcáneo de las ratas Wistar diabéticas. Métodos: se evaluaron 59 ratas Wistar machos durante 60 días, éstes se dividieron aleatoriamente en los siguientes grupos: Grupo de Control Sedentario (GCS, n=15), Grupo Diabético Sedentario (GDS, n=15), Grupo de Control Entrenado (GCE, n=14) y Grupo Diabético Entrenado (GDE, n=15). Después de la aleatorización, los animales del GDS y del GDE se indujeron a diabetes mellitus por inyección intraperitoneal de Streptozotocin (60mg/kg). Los animales de los grupos entrenados realizaron ejercicios de resistencia que consistían en saltar en un ambiente acuático. Después de nueve semanas, se recogieron y traccionaron los tendones calcaneales en una máquina convencional de prueba mecánica. Resultados: El análisis de los parámetros biomecánicos mostró valores más bajos en módulo elástico (p=0.000), tensión de fuerza máxima (p=0.000) y energía/área (p = 0.008) en GDE en comparación con GDS, además de un aumento en la área transversal (p=0.002). No hubo diferencia para la variable de deformación específica. Conclusión: el protocolo de entrenamiento utilizado restauró algunos parámetros biomecánicos del tendón calcáneo en ratas inducidas a la diabetes, lo que resultó en una mejora de su eficiencia mecánica

A natação é capaz de manter a saúde do tecido ósseo e minimizar a reabsorção óssea pós-menopausa?

AbstractObjectiveWe studied the effect of swimming on the somatic and bone growth of female rats.Methods40 neonate Wistar female rats were separated into: monosodium glutamate group (GluM, n = 20) and received MSG solution (4.0 mg/g) on alternate days during the first 14 days after birth, and Saline group (SAL, n = 20) which received saline solution for the same period of time and at the same dose. At 60 days of age, GluM group was ovariectomized (GluMO) and SAL group just suffered surgical stress. Subsequently, half the animals in each group started swimming, resulting in groups: sedentary saline (SALsed, n = 10), swimming saline (SALswi, n = 10), sedentary ovariectomized Glutamate (GluMOsed, n = 10) and swimming ovariecto- mized Glutamate (GluMOswi, n = 10). At the end of the experiment, we measured the ani- mals’ longitudinal length and weight; their radius was weighed and its length measured.ResultsThe animals of the GluMOsed group had lower body weight and longitudinal length compared to SALsed. Swimming decreased body weight, but had no influence on the longitudinal length of the GluMOswi group compared to GluMOsed group. Longitudinal length and body weight were lower in SALswi animals compared to SALsed animals. Radius weight and length of GluMOsed animals were lower than in SALsed animals. There was no difference in these parameters between GluMOsed and GluMOswi groups; however, these parameters were lower in SALswi animals compared to SALsed animals.ConclusionSwimming does not influence previously affected bone tissue during the neona- tal period, however it may cause damage to healthy bone tissue

Resistance jump training may reverse the weakened biomechanical behavior of tendons of diabetic Wistar rats

<div><p>ABSTRACT Background: resistance training is widely applied in non-diabetic physical protocol showing effectiveness in improving the tendon tissue. To address this gap, we assessed the effects of resistance training on aquatic environment, on the biomechanical properties of the calcaneal tendon of diabetic Wistar rats. Methods: 59 male Wistar rats were evaluated for 60 days, they were randomly divided into the following groups: Sedentary Control Group (SCG, n=15), Sedentary Diabetic Group (SDG, n=15), Trained Control Group (TCG, n=14) and Trained Diabetic Group (TDG, n=15). After randomization the animals from the SDG and the TDG were induced to Diabetes Mellitus by intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). The animals on the trained groups performed resistance exercise that consisted of jumping in an aquatic environment. After nine weeks the calcaneal tendons were collected and tractioned on a conventional mechanical testing machine. Results: the analysis of biomechanical parameters showed lower values in elastic modulus (p=0.000), maximum strength tension (p=0.000) and energy/area (p=0.008) in TDG compared to SDG in addition to an increase on the cross-sectional area (p=0.002). There was no difference for the specific deformation variable. Conclusion: the training protocol used restored some biomechanical parameters of the calcaneal tendon in rats induced to diabetes, thus, resulting in an improvement of its mechanical efficiency.</p></div

A natação minimiza o retardo no crescimento somático e ósseo de ratos? Does swimming minimize somatic and bone growth delay in rats?

A formação óssea é regulada por fatores hormonais e modificada por estímulos extrínsecos, como a prática de exercícios. Avaliou-se o efeito da natação sobre o crescimento somático e ósseo de ratas submetidas a dois modelos experimentais a fim de reproduzir déficit hormonal. Utilizou-se 28 ratas Wistar neonatas fêmeas separadas em: grupo Glutamato Monossódico (GluM, n = 14; solução de GM 4.0mg/g, dias alternados, primeiros 14 dias de vida) e grupo Salina (Sal, n = 14; solução salina). Peso corpóreo e mensurações murinométricas (eixos laterolateral, anteroposterior do crânio - LLC/APC - e comprimento da cauda - CC) foram avaliados do primeiro ao 30º dia de vida. Aos 60 dias, o Grupo GluM foi ovariectomizado (GluMO) e o sal apenas passou pelo estresse cirúrgico. Então, metade dos animais de cada grupo iniciou o programa de natação (12 semanas, cinco dias/semanas, 60 min/sessão) resultando nos seguintes grupos experimentais: Salina Sedentário (Salsed, n = 7), Salina Natação (Salnat, n = 7), Glutamato Ovariectomia Sedentário (GluMOsed, n = 7) e Glutamato Ovariectomia Natação (GluMOnat, n = 7). Ao final do experimento o fêmur direito foi pesado e seu comprimento avaliado. Nos 30 dias iniciais, GluM reduziu o peso corpóreo e os eixos LLC, APC e CC comparado ao grupo SAL. Aos 60 dias, o peso corpóreo do GLuM permaneceu menor comparado ao SAL e ao final foi similar entre os grupos SALsed e SALnat e, GLuMOsed e GluMOnat. Porém, houve redução no peso do GlutMOsed comparado ao SALsed. A natação favoreceu o peso do fêmur no SAL e não o alterou entre os GluMOsed e GluMOnat, entretanto, houve aumento no grupo SALsed comparado ao GluMOsed. No comprimento, o SALnat foi similar ao SALsed e o mesmo ocorreu entre GluMOnat e GluMOsed. Porém, SALsed apresentou comprimento maior que GluMOsed. A natação não foi capaz de reverter, em animais adultos jovens, os efeitos provocados por situações de desequilíbrio corpóreo induzidas precocemente no tecido ósseo.<br>The bone formation is regulated by hormonal factors and modified by extrinsic stimuli, such as practice of exercises. The effect of swimming on the somatic and bone growth of female rats subjected to two experimental models to reproduce hormone deficiency was assessed.Twenty-eight Wistar, neonate female rats separated in two groups: Monosodium glutamate (MGlu, n = 14; solution of monosodium glutamate 4.0mg/g, alternate days, first 14 days of life) and Saline Group (SAL, n = 14; saline solution. Body weight and measurements of somatic development (latero-lateral axis of the skull, anterior-posterior axis of the skull - LLS / APS - and length of the tail - LT) were evaluated from the 1st to the 30th day of life. At 60 days of life, the MGlu group was ovariectomized and SAL just went though surgical stress. Subsequently, half of the animals in each group started the swimming training (12 weeks, 5 days/week, 60 min/session), resulting in the following experimental groups: Sedentary saline (Sedsal, n = 7), Swimming saline (Swisal, n = 7), Sedentary glutamate ovariectomy (SedMGluO, n = 7) and Swimming glutamate ovariectomy (SwiMGluO, n = 7).At the end of the experiment, the right femur was weighed and its length assessed. At the 30 initial days, the MGlu group reduced its body weight and the LLS, APC and LT compared to SAL. At day 60, body weight of MGlu group remained lower and at the end of the experiment it was similar between Swisal and Sedsal groups; SedMGLuO and SwiMGluO groups. However, weight reduction was observed in SedMGlutO compared to SedSAL. Swimming helped the weight of the femur in the SAL and did not alter it between SedMGluO and SwiMGluO, but it increased in Sedsal compared to SedMGluO group. In length, the SwiSal was similar to Sedsal and the same situation occurred between SwiMGluO and SedMGluO. However, Sedsal group presented greater length than SedMGluO. Swimming was not able to reverse the effects caused by situations of body imbalance early induced in the bone tissue in young adult animals