Implication de l'oncogène STAT3 dans la réponse aux traitements de chimiothérapies : Application au cancer colorectal

STAT3 transcription factors are activated and involved in tumor development. Phosphorylation of STAT3 on tyrosine 705 is involved in cell transformation and in the exhaust of conventional chemotherapy treatment. The involvement of the 2nd site of phosphorylation of STAT3 on serine 727, in responseto treatment has been little studied. Inhibition of topoisomerases leads to the activation of cdk5 kinase that phosphorylates STAT3 on its serine residue. STAT3 will bind to the promoter of the Eme1 gene to activate transcription. Eme is a protein involves in the DNA damage repair. This allows repair of DNA damage induced by SN38 and resulted in a decreased sensitivity to treatment. No tyrosine phosphorylation was observed under these conditions and the genes of cyclin D1 and myc are not transcribed. But myc is recruited to the promoter of Aurora A in G2/M phase. The irinotecan by inhibiting myc, results in a loss of transcription of Aurora A and leeds to cell cycle arrest. STAT3 phosphorylation on its serine residue could be involved in the induction of senescence and in the repair of DNA damage. The celle diverting the process of protecting against tumor development to create resistance to treatment. The detection of this phosphorylation could thus predict the response of patients to treatment.Les facteurs de transcription STAT3 sont activés et impliqués dans le développement tumoral par leurs effets sur la prolifération et la survie cellulaire. Lorsque STAT3 est phosphorylé sur la tyrosine 705, il semble impliqué dans la transformation cellulaire et dans l'échappement aux traitements classiques de chimiothérapie. Un second site de phosphorylation sur la sérine 727 a été décrit mais son implication dans la régulation de l'activité de STAT3 en réponse aux traitements a été peu étudiée. Nous nous sommes donc intéressés au rôle de la phosphorylation de la sérine 727 de STAT3 dans la réponse de lignées cellulaires colorectales aux agents génotoxiques et plus particulièrement aux inhibiteurs de topoisomérases de type I. Le traitement entraine une perte de la transcription de la cycline D1 et de myc, gènes cibles de STAT3 phosphorylée sur tyrosine 705 et une activation de la kinase cdk5. Cette dernière va phosphoryler STAT3 sur son résidu sérine 727 ce qui va lui permettre de se fixer sur le promoteur du gène de la protéine de réparation Eme1, pour activer sa transcription. Ceci permet la réparation des dommages de l'ADN induits par le Sn38 et entraine une diminution de la sensibilité au traitement. D'autre part, l'inhibition des topoisomérases entraine une perte de la protéine myc normalement liée au promoteur d'Aurora A en phase G2/M et qui, associée au recrutement des répresseurs mad et miz aboutit à l'inhibition de la transcription de la kinase Aurora A. Une inhibition de la séparation des centrosomes est alors observée et entraine un arrêt en phase G2/M. En plus de la régulation de l'activité transcriptionnelle de STAT3 phosphorylée sur la sérine, nous nous sommes intéressés aux partenaires protéiques du facteur de transcription en réponse à sa phosphorylation. Par l'intermédiaire de la technique du double hybride et de la spectrométrie de masse, nous avons pu mettre en évidence deux nouveaux partenaires potentiels de STAT3. D'abord DDB2, protéine impliquée dans l'entrée en sénescence et dans la méthylation de l'ADN. Puis, ASPP2, une protéine qui confère à p53 une meilleure affinité de fixation à certains de ses promoteurs. Nous pensons que la phosphorylation de STAT3 sur la sérine 727 pourrait être impliquée dans l'induction de la sénescence et dans la réparation des dommages de l'ADN et que la cellule tumorale détournerait ces processus de protection pour réparer son ADN afin de résister au traitement. Les cellules pourraient alors proliférer avec un matériel génétique abimé, ce qui rendrait ces cellules instables sur le plan génomique. La détection de cette phosphorylation de STAT3 pourrait etre utilisée comme un marqueur de résistance aux inhibiteurs de topoisomérase. Ceci pourrait ainsi permettre de mieux prédire la réponse des patients à ce traitement

Regulation of the Aurora-A gene following topoisomerase I inhibition: implication of the Myc transcription Factor

Abstract During the G2 phase of the cell cycle, the Aurora-A kinase plays an important role in centrosome maturation and progression to mitosis. In this study, we show in colorectal cell lines that Aurora-A expression is downregulated in response to topoisomerase I inhibition. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we have observed that the Myc transcription factor and its Max binding partner are associated with the Aurora-A promoter during the G2 phase of the cell cycle. RNA interference experiments indicated that Myc is involved in the regulation of the Aurora-A gene. Following topoisomerase I inhibition, the expression of Myc decreased whereas Mad was upregulated, and the association of Myc and Max with the promoter of the kinase was inhibited. In parallel, an increased association of Mad and Miz-1 was detected on DNA, associated with an inhibition of the recruitment of transcriptional coactivators. Interestingly, a gain of H3K9 trimethylation and HP1γ recruitment was observed on the Aurora-A promoter following sn38 treatment, suggesting that this promoter is located within SAHF foci following genotoxic treatment. Since Aurora-A is involved in centrosome maturation, we observed as expected that topoisomerase I inhibition prevented centrosome separation but did not affect their duplication. As a consequence, this led to G2 arrest and senescence induction. These results suggest a model by which the Aurora-A gene is inactivated by the G2 checkpoint following topoisomerase I inhibition. We therefore propose the hypothesis that the coordinated overexpression of Myc and Aurora-A, together with a downregulation of Mad and Miz-1 should be tested as a prognosis signature of poor responses to topoisomerase I inhibitors.</p

The cdk5 Kinase Regulates the STAT3 Transcription Factor to Prevent DNA Damage upon Topoisomerase I Inhibition

International audienceThe STAT3 transcription factors are cytoplasmic proteins that induce gene activation in response to growth factor stimulation. Following tyrosine phosphorylation, STAT3 proteins dimerize, translocate to the nucleus, and activate specific target genes involved in cell-cycle progression. Despite its importance in cancer cells, the molecular mechanisms by which this protein is regulated in response to DNA damage remain to be characterized. In this study, we show that STAT3 is activated in response to topoisomerase I inhibition. Following treatment, STAT3 is phosphorylated on its C-terminal serine 727 residue but not on its tyrosine 705 site. We also show that topoisomerase I inhibition induced the up-regulation of the cdk5 kinase, a protein initially described in neuronal stress responses. In co-immunoprecipitations, cdk5 was found to associate with STAT3, and pulldown experiments indicated that it associates with the C-terminal activation domain of STAT3 upon DNA damage. Importantly, the cdk5-STAT3 pathway reduced DNA damage in response to topoisomerase I inhibition through the up-regulation of Eme1, an endonuclease involved in DNA repair. ChIP experiments indicated that STAT3 can be found associated with the Eme1 promoter when phosphorylated only on its serine 727 residue and not on tyrosine 705. We therefore propose that the cdk5-STAT3 oncogenic pathway plays an important role in the expression of DNA repair genes and that these proteins could be used as predictive markers of tumors that will fail to respond to chemotherapy.</p