Effet protecteur du milieu enrichi et de l'exercice physique sur l'intégrité intestinale lors du stress chronique

Au cours de sa vie, un individu sur cinq sera touché par la dépression. Cette pathologie est la principale cause d'incapacité mondiale. Malgré l'existence de traitements pharmacologiques, 30 à 50 % d'individus déprimés ne répondent pas aux antidépresseurs. Ce faible taux souligne l'importance d'étudier des approches thérapeutiques novatrices qui ciblent les systèmes biologiques comme l'axe intestin-cerveau ou encore l'utilisation de stratégies préventives. Le stress chronique est un contributeur majeur au développement de la dépression et est associé à une activation de la réponse inflammatoire. Cette dernière affecte directement l'intégrité de la barrière intestinale, plus particulièrement la couche de cellules épithéliales interconnectées par les jonctions serrées qui tapissent l'intestin, régulant la perméabilité intestinale. Pour valider l'efficacité des stratégies préventives et d'étudier les effets du stress chronique sur l'intégrité intestinale, nous utilisons le modèle murin de la défaite sociale qui mime l'intimidation par les pairs. Pendant 10 jours, des souris mâles sont mises en contact avec un agresseur et en contact sensoriel. Ensuite, les sujets passent un test d'interactions sociales pour déterminer le phénotype comportemental face au stress, soit la susceptibilité ou la résilience. Pendant la défaite, elles sont exposées à un environnement enrichi ou de l'exercice physique, qui reproduit les stratégies préventives, favorisant la résilience face au stress. Les tissus intestinaux sont récoltés pour l'analyse transcriptionnelle et morphologique des protéines de jonctions serrées pour vérifier les changements de la barrière intestinale. Les stratégies préventives augmentent la proportion de souris résilientes. Au sein de cette population, l'expression des protéines de jonction serrée de l'intestin montre une adaptation moléculaire reliée à une diminution du stress chronique, ce qui suggère que l'intégrité de la barrière intestinale pourrait jouer un rôle clé dans la réponse au stress. Ces changements physiologiques pourraient prévenir les symptômes dépressifs et favoriser de nouvelles modalités thérapeutiques pour traiter la dépression.Throughout life, one in five individuals will be affected by major depressive disorder (TDM). This disorder is the main cause of disability worldwide. Even though pharmacological treatment is available, only 30 to 50 % of depressed patients completely remit, suggesting that novel therapeutic approach targeting biological systems such as the gut-brain axis or preventive strategies should be studied. Chronic stress is the main contributor to the development of TDM and is associated with activation of inflammatory responses. This in return affects gut barrier (BI) integrity, more specifically the intestinal cell epithelium interconnected by tight junction proteins, regulating gut permeability. To validate efficacy of preventive strategies and study chronic stress effect on gut barrier integrity, we used a murine model of chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) which mimics intimidation. For 10 days, male mice are put in contact with a novel aggressor and after in sensory contact. After, animals are subjected to the social interaction test to determine behavioral phenotype, either susceptibility or resilient to stress. During the defeat, mice have access to enrich environment (EE) or voluntary wheel running (VWR), which reproduced preventive strategies. Intestinal tissue is collected for transcriptional analysis and morphological evaluation of tight junction protein to study intestinal barrier changes. Preventive strategies increase resilient mouse population. Expression of tight junction protein in the jejunum show molecular adaptation related a dampened stress response, suggesting that integrity of BI could play a key role in response to chronic stress. These physiological changes could prevent depressive symptoms and may open new alternatives in treatment of depression

Epstein-Barr Virus Interferes with the Amplification of IFNα Secretion by Activating Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 in Primary Human Monocytes

Epstein-Barr virus is recognized to cause lymphoproliferative disorders and is also associated with cancer. Evidence suggests that monocytes are likely to be involved in EBV pathogenesis, especially due to a number of cellular functions altered in EBV-infected monocytes, a process that may affect efficient host defense. Because type I interferons (IFNs) are crucial mediators of host defense against viruses, we investigated the effect of EBV infection on the IFNalpha pathway in primary human monocytes.Infection of monocytes with EBV induced IFNalpha secretion but inhibited the positive feedback loop for the amplification of IFNalpha. We showed that EBV infection induced the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) and, to a lesser extent, SOCS1, two proteins known to interfere with the amplification of IFNalpha secretion mediated by the JAK/STAT signal transduction pathway. EBV infection correlated with a blockage in the activation of JAK/STAT pathway members and affected the level of phosphorylated IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7). Depletion of SOCS3, but not SOCS1, by small interfering RNA (siRNA) abrogated the inhibitory effect of EBV on JAK/STAT pathway activation and significantly restored IFNalpha secretion. Finally, transfection of monocytes with the viral protein Zta caused the upregulation of SOCS3, an event that could not be recapitulated with mutated Zta.We propose that EBV protein Zta activates SOCS3 protein as an immune escape mechanism that both suppresses optimal IFNalpha secretion by human monocytes and favors a state of type I IFN irresponsiveness in these cells. This immunomodulatory effect is important to better understand the aspects of the immune response to EBV

PReMod: a database of genome-wide mammalian cis-regulatory module predictions

We describe PReMod, a new database of genome-wide cis-regulatory module (CRM) predictions for both the human and the mouse genomes. The prediction algorithm, described previously in Blanchette et al. (2006) Genome Res., 16, 656–668, exploits the fact that many known CRMs are made of clusters of phylogenetically conserved and repeated transcription factors (TF) binding sites. Contrary to other existing databases, PReMod is not restricted to modules located proximal to genes, but in fact mostly contains distal predicted CRMs (pCRMs). Through its web interface, PReMod allows users to (i) identify pCRMs around a gene of interest; (ii) identify pCRMs that have binding sites for a given TF (or a set of TFs) or (iii) download the entire dataset for local analyses. Queries can also be refined by filtering for specific chromosomal regions, for specific regions relative to genes or for the presence of CpG islands. The output includes information about the binding sites predicted within the selected pCRMs, and a graphical display of their distribution within the pCRMs. It also provides a visual depiction of the chromosomal context of the selected pCRMs in terms of neighboring pCRMs and genes, all of which are linked to the UCSC Genome Browser and the NCBI. PReMod:

Le FORUM, Vol. 40 No. 1

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/francoamericain_forum/1048/thumbnail.jp

Le Forum, Vol. 41 No. 3

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/francoamericain_forum/1092/thumbnail.jp

Distinct Effects of Two HIV-1 Capsid Assembly Inhibitor Families That Bind the Same Site within the N-Terminal Domain of the Viral CA Protein

The emergence of resistance to existing classes of antiretroviral drugs necessitates finding new HIV-1 targets for drug discovery. The viral capsid (CA) protein represents one such potential new target. CA is sufficient to form mature HIV-1 capsids in vitro, and extensive structure-function and mutational analyses of CA have shown that the proper assembly, morphology, and stability of the mature capsid core are essential for the infectivity of HIV-1 virions. Here we describe the development of an in vitro capsid assembly assay based on the association of CA-NC subunits on immobilized oligonucleotides. This assay was used to screen a compound library, yielding several different families of compounds that inhibited capsid assembly. Optimization of two chemical series, termed the benzodiazepines (BD) and the benzimidazoles (BM), resulted in compounds with potent antiviral activity against wild-type and drug-resistant HIV-1. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analyses showed that both series of inhibitors bound to the N-terminal domain of CA. These inhibitors induce the formation of a pocket that overlaps with the binding site for the previously reported CAP inhibitors but is expanded significantly by these new, more potent CA inhibitors. Virus release and electron microscopic (EM) studies showed that the BD compounds prevented virion release, whereas the BM compounds inhibited the formation of the mature capsid. Passage of virus in the presence of the inhibitors selected for resistance mutations that mapped to highly conserved residues surrounding the inhibitor binding pocket, but also to the C-terminal domain of CA. The resistance mutations selected by the two series differed, consistent with differences in their interactions within the pocket, and most also impaired virus replicative capacity. Resistance mutations had two modes of action, either directly impacting inhibitor binding affinity or apparently increasing the overall stability of the viral capsid without affecting inhibitor binding. These studies demonstrate that CA is a viable antiviral target and demonstrate that inhibitors that bind within the same site on CA can have distinct binding modes and mechanisms of action

Muramyl Dipeptide Induces NOD2-Dependent Ly6Chigh Monocyte Recruitment to the Lungs and Protects Against Influenza Virus Infection

Bacterial peptidoglycan-derived muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and derivatives have long-recognized antiviral properties but their mechanism of action remains unclear. In recent years, the pattern-recognition receptor NOD2 has been shown to mediate innate responses to MDP. Here, we show that MDP treatment of mice infected with Influenza A virus (IAV) significantly reduces mortality, viral load and pulmonary inflammation in a NOD2-dependent manner. Importantly, the induction of type I interferon (IFN) and CCL2 chemokine was markedly increased in the lungs following MDP treatment and correlated with a NOD2-dependent enhancement in circulating monocytes. Mechanistically, the protective effect of MDP could be explained by the NOD2-dependent transient increase in recruitment of Ly6Chigh “inflammatory” monocytes and, to a lesser extent, neutrophils to the lungs. Indeed, impairment in both Ly6Chigh monocyte recruitment and survival observed in infected Nod2-/- mice treated with MDP was recapitulated in mice deficient for the chemokine receptor CCR2 required for CCL2-mediated Ly6Chigh monocyte migration from the bone marrow into the lungs. MDP-induced pulmonary monocyte recruitment occurred normally in IAV-infected and MDP-treated Ips-1-/- mice. However, IPS-1 was required for improved survival upon MDP treatment. Finally, mycobacterial N-glycolyl MDP was more potent than N-acetyl MDP expressed by most bacteria at reducing viral burden while both forms of MDP restored pulmonary function following IAV challenge. Overall, our work sheds light on the antiviral mechanism of a clinically relevant bacterial-derived compound and identifies the NOD2 pathway as a potential therapeutic target against IAV

Le FORUM, Vol. 39 No. 4

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Involvement of TLR2 in Recognition of Acute Gammaherpesvirus-68 Infection

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the activation of innate immunity in response to many viruses. We previously reported the implication of TLR2 in the recognition of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) by human monocytes. Because murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV-68) is a useful model to study human gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis in vivo, we evaluated the importance of mouse TLR2 in the recognition of MHV-68.In studies using transfected HEK293 cells, MHV-68 lead to the activation of NF-κB reporter through TLR2. In addition, production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-α (IFN-α) upon MHV-68 stimulation was reduced in murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from TLR2-/- and MyD88-/- mice as compared to their wild type (WT) counterpart. In transgenic mice expressing a luciferase reporter gene under the control of the mTLR2 promoter, MHV-68 challenge activated TLR2 transcription. Increased expression levels of TLR2 on blood granulocytes (CD115(-)Gr1(+)) and inflammatory monocytes (CD115(+)Gr1(+)), which mobilized to the lungs upon infection with MHV-68, was also confirmed by flow cytometry. Finally, TLR2 or MyD88 deficiency was associated with decreased IL-6 and type 1 IFN production as well as increased viral burden during short-term challenges with MHV-68.TLR2 contributes to the production of inflammatory cytokines and type 1 IFN as well as to the control of viral burden during infection with MHV-68. Taken together, our results suggest that the TLR2 pathway has a relevant role in the recognition of this virus and in the subsequent activation of the innate immune response