Can induced gravity isotropize Bianchi I, V, or IX Universes?

We analyze if Bianchi I, V, and IX models in the Induced Gravity (IG) theory can evolve to a Friedmann--Roberson--Walker (FRW) expansion due to the non--minimal coupling of gravity and the scalar field. The analytical results that we found for the Brans-Dicke (BD) theory are now applied to the IG theory which has $\omega \ll 1$ ($\omega$ being the square ratio of the Higgs to Planck mass) in a cosmological era in which the IG--potential is not significant. We find that the isotropization mechanism crucially depends on the value of $\omega$. Its smallness also permits inflationary solutions. For the Bianch V model inflation due to the Higgs potential takes place afterwads, and subsequently the spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) ends with an effective FRW evolution. The ordinary tests of successful cosmology are well satisfied.Comment: 24 pages, 5 figures, to be published in Phys. Rev. D1

Non-minimal coupling of the scalar field and inflation

We study the prescriptions for the coupling constant of a scalar field to the Ricci curvature of spacetime in specific gravity and scalar field theories. The results are applied to the most popular inflationary scenarios of the universe; their theoretical consistency and certain observational constraints are discussed.Comment: 23 pages, LaTex, no figures, to appear in Physical Review

Late Winter Biogeochemical Conditions Under Sea Ice in the Canadian High Arctic

With the Arctic summer sea-ice extent in decline, questions are arising as to how changes in sea-ice dynamics might affect biogeochemical cycling and phenomena such as carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake and ocean acidification. Recent field research in these areas has concentrated on biogeochemical and CO2 measurements during spring, summer or autumn, but there are few data for the winter or winter–spring transition, particularly in the High Arctic. Here, we present carbon and nutrient data within and under sea ice measured during the Catlin Arctic Survey, over 40 days in March and April 2010, off Ellef Ringnes Island (78° 43.11′ N, 104° 47.44′ W) in the Canadian High Arctic. Results show relatively low surface water (1–10 m) nitrate (<1.3 µM) and total inorganic carbon concentrations (mean±SD=2015±5.83 µmol kg−1), total alkalinity (mean±SD=2134±11.09 µmol kg−1) and under-ice pCO2sw (mean±SD=286±17 µatm). These surprisingly low wintertime carbon and nutrient conditions suggest that the outer Canadian Arctic Archipelago region is nitrate-limited on account of sluggish mixing among the multi-year ice regions of the High Arctic, which could temper the potential of widespread under-ice and open-water phytoplankton blooms later in the season

Nutrients, primary production and microbial heterotrophy in the southeastern Chukchi Sea: Arctic summer nutrient depletion and heterotrophy

12 pages, 3 figures, 3 tablesIn August 1993, we measured photosynthesis, chlorophyll a, bacterial secondary production, microbial community respiratory rate, bacterial abundance, dissolved free amino acids, nitrate, phosphate, silicate, and dissolved oxygen in the eastern Chukchi Sea. Our cruise track was mostly in loose pack ice exceeding 50% ice cover, with heavier ice cover near 75° N. We sampled over the continental shelf and slope, in deep water in the Canadian Basin, and over the Chukchi Cap. Primary production was highest over the upper continental slope, averaging 748 mg C m-2 d-1. In deep water and heavier ice cover in the Canadian Basin, primary productivity averaged 123 mg C m-2 d-1. However, microbial community respiratory rates averaged 840 mg C m-2 d-1 over the upper slope and 860 mg C m-2 d- 1 in the Canadian Basin. Nitrate was virtually depleted in the upper mixed layer suggesting some nutrient limitation and dependence on regenerated ammonium in late summer. This is supported by f-ratios ranging from 0.05 to 0.38. Estimates of annual primary production of organic carbon, both from our 14C and 13C assimilation measurements and from the supersaturation of dissolved oxygen in the upper mixed layer at all stations suggest that significant primary production occurs well beyond the continental shelves out into the so-called perennial pack ice. Respiratory activity in the upper mixed layer exceeded primary productivity at the deep-water stations, as it often does in summer oligotrophic conditions at lower latitudes. These observations suggest that rates of both autotrophic and heterotrophic biological activity in the upper mixed layer of the deep waters of the Arctic Ocean may be considerably higher than suspected and should be incorporated into models of polar processesPeer Reviewe

Boto, A Class Ii Transposon In Moniliophthora Perniciosa, Is The First Representative Of The Pif/ Harbinger Superfamily In A Phytopathogenic Fungus

Boto, a class II transposable element, was characterized in the Moniliophthora perniciosa genome. The Boto transposase is highly similar to plant PIF-like transposases that belong to the newest class II superfamily known as PIF/Harbinger. Although Boto shares characteristics with PIF-like elements, other characteristics, such as the transposase intron position, the position and direction of the second ORF, and the footprint, indicate that Boto belongs to a novel family of the PIF/Harbinger superfamily. Southern blot analyses detected 6-12 copies of Boto in C-biotype isolates and a ubiquitous presence among the C- and S-biotypes, as well as a separation in the C-biotype isolates from Bahia State in Brazil in at least two genotypic groups, and a new insertion in the genome of a C-biotype isolate maintained in the laboratory for 6 years. In addition to PCR amplification from a specific insertion site, changes in the Boto hybridization profile after the M. perniciosa sexual cycle and detection of Boto transcripts gave further evidence of Boto activity. As an active family in the genome of M. perniciosa, Boto elements may contribute to genetic variability in this homothallic fungus. 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Seasonal changes in POC export flux in the Chukchi Sea and implications for water column-benthic coupling in Arctic shelves

As part of the 2002 Shelf-Basin Interactions (SBI) process study, measurements of the seasonal variation in the export flux of particulate organic carbon (POC) are reported for the upper waters of the Chukchi Sea. POC fluxes were quantified by determination of 234Th/238U disequilibrium and POC/234Th ratios in large View the MathML source aggregates collected using in situ pumps. Samples were collected at 35 stations on two cruises, one in predominantly ice-coved conditions during the spring (May 6–June 15) and the other in predominantly open water during the summer (July 17–August 26). Enhanced particle export was observed in the shelf and slope waters, particularly within Barrow Canyon, and there was a marked increase in particle export at all stations during the summer (July–August) relative to the spring (May–June). 234Th-derived POC fluxes exhibit significant seasonal and spatial variability, averaging View the MathML sourceView the MathML source in the spring and increasing ?4-fold in the summer to an average value of View the MathML sourceView the MathML source. The fraction of primary production exported from the upper waters increases from ?15% in the spring to ?32% in the summer. By comparison, DOC accumulation associated with net community production represented ?6% of primary production View the MathML source. The majority of shelf and slope stations indicate a close agreement between POC export and benthic C respiration in the spring, whereas there is an imbalance between POC export and benthic respiration in the summer. The implication is that up to ?20% of summer production View the MathML source may be seasonally exported off-shelf in this productive shelf/slope region of the Arctic Ocean

Spring phytoplankton onset after the ice break-up and sea-ice signature (Adélie Land, East Antarctica)

The phytoplankton onset following the spring ice break-up in Adélie Land, East Antarctica, was studied along a short transect, from 400 m off the continent to 5 km offshore, during the austral summer of 2002. Eight days after the ice break-up, some large colonial and solitary diatom cells, known to be associated with land-fast ice and present in downward fluxes, were unable to adapt in ice-free waters, while some other solitary and short-colony forming taxa (e.g., Fragilariopsis curta, F. cylindrus) did develop. Pelagic species were becoming more abundant offshore, replacing the typical sympagic (ice-associated) taxa. Archaeomonad cysts, usually associated with sea ice, were recorded in the surface waters nearshore. Rough weather restricted the data set, but we were able to confirm that some microalgae may be reliable sea-ice indicators and that seeding by sea ice only concerns a few taxa in this coastal area of East Antarctica. Keywords: Ice break-up; phytoplankton; sea-ice signature; East Antarctica (Published: 10 January 2011) Citation: Polar Research 2011, 30, 5910, doi: 10.3402/polar.v30i0.591