The coming of the Greeks to Provence and Corsica: Y-chromosome models of archaic Greek colonization of the western Mediterranean

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The process of Greek colonization of the central and western Mediterranean during the Archaic and Classical Eras has been understudied from the perspective of population genetics. To investigate the Y chromosomal demography of Greek colonization in the western Mediterranean, Y-chromosome data consisting of 29 YSNPs and 37 YSTRs were compared from 51 subjects from Provence, 58 subjects from Smyrna and 31 subjects whose paternal ancestry derives from Asia Minor Phokaia, the ancestral embarkation port to the 6^thcentury BCE Greek colonies of Massalia (Marseilles) and Alalie (Aleria, Corsica).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>19% of the Phokaian and 12% of the Smyrnian representatives were derived for haplogroup E-V13, characteristic of the Greek and Balkan mainland, while 4% of the Provencal, 4.6% of East Corsican and 1.6% of West Corsican samples were derived for E-V13. An admixture analysis estimated that 17% of the Y-chromosomes of Provence may be attributed to Greek colonization. Using the following putative Neolithic Anatolian lineages: J2a-DYS445 = 6, G2a-M406 and J2a1b1-M92, the data predict a 0% Neolithic contribution to Provence from Anatolia. Estimates of colonial Greek vs. indigenous Celto-Ligurian demography predict a maximum of a 10% Greek contribution, suggesting a Greek male elite-dominant input into the Iron Age Provence population.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Given the origin of viniculture in Provence is ascribed to Massalia, these results suggest that E-V13 may trace the demographic and socio-cultural impact of Greek colonization in Mediterranean Europe, a contribution that appears to be considerably larger than that of a Neolithic pioneer colonization.</p

ESTERASE POLYMORPHISM IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER AND DROSOPHILA SIMULANS FROM NORTHERN GREECE

Α. ΔΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΜΕΘΟΔΟΥ ΤΗΣ ΗΛΕΚΤΡΟΦΟΡΗΣΕΩΣ ΕΜΕΛΕΤΗΘΗ Η ΚΛΗΡΟΝΟΜΙΚΟΤΗΣ ΤΩΝ ΗΛΕΚΤΡΟΦΟΡΗΤΙΚΩΝ ΠΑΡΑΛΛΑΓΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΕΣΤΕΡΑΣΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΔΥΟ ΕΙΔΩΝ D. MELANOGASTER ΚΑΙ D. SIMULANS. ΕΚ ΤΗΣ ΓΕΝΕΤΙΚΗΣ ΜΕΛΕΤΗΣ ΤΟΥΤΩΝ ΠΡΟΕΚΥΨΑΝ ΤΑ ΕΞΗΣ ΝΕΑ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΑ: 1. ΑΝΕΚΑΛΥΦΘΗΣΑΝ ΔΥΟ ΝΕΑ ΑΛΛΗΛΟΜΟΡΦΑ ΤΗΣ ΘΕΣΕΩΣ EST-6 ΤΗΣ D. SIMULANS, ΤΑ EST-6 2 KAI EST-6 3. 2. ΠΕΡΙΕΓΡΑΦΗ ΕΝ ΝΕΟΝ ΓΟΝΙΔΙΟΝ ΕΙΣ ΤΗΝ D. SIMULANS, TO EST-6 2 KAI EST-6 3. 2. ΠΕΡΙΕΓΡΑΦΗ ΕΝ ΝΕΟΝ ΓΟΝΙΔΙΟΝ ΕΙΣ ΤΗΝ D. SIMULANS, TO EST-3 ΕΔΡΑΖΕΤΑΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΗΝ ΘΕΣΙΝ 59,5 ΤΟΥ ΤΡΙΤΟΥ ΧΡΩΜΑΤΟΣΩΜΑΤΟΣ ΤΗΣ D. SIMULANS. 3. ΕΜΕΛΕΤΗΘΗΣΑΝ ΔΥΟ ΝΕΑ ΑΛΛΗΛΟΜΟΡΦΑ ΤΗΣ ΘΕΣΕΩΣ EST-6 ΤΗΣ D. MELANOGASTER, ΤΑ EST-6 4 ΚΑΙ EST-6 5. B. ΕΜΕΛΕΤΗΘΗ Ο ΠΟΛΥΜΟΡΦΙΣΜΟΣ ΤΩΝ ΗΛΕΚΤΡΟΦΟΡΗΤΙΚΩΝ ΠΑΡΑΛΛΑΓΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΕΣΤΕΡΑΣΩΝΤΗΣ D. SIMULANS ΚΑΙ ΤΗΣ D. MELANOGASTER ΕΙΣ ΔΕΙΓΜΑΤΑ ΕΚ ΤΟΥ ΛΙΤΟΧΩΡΟΥ, ΤΟΥ ΑΓΡΟΚΤΗΜΑΤΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟΥ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥ ΠΟΛΥΓΥΡΟΥ ΧΑΛΚΙΔΙΚΗΣ, ΠΡΟΕΚΥΨΑΝ ΔΕ ΤΑ ΕΞΗΣ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΑ: 1. ΑΙ ΣΥΧΝΟΤΗΤΕΣ ΤΩΝ ΑΛΛΗΛΟΜΟΡΦΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΘΕΣΕΩΣ EST-6 ΤΗΣ D. MELANOGASTER ΔΕΙΚΝΥΟΥΝ ΟΜΟΙΟΓΕΝΕΙΑΝ ΜΕΤΑΞΥ ΤΩΝ ΕΞΕΤΑΣΘΕΝΤΩΝ ΔΕΙΓΜΑΤΩΝ. 2.ΥΦΙΣΤΑΤΑΙ ΕΤΕΡΟΓΕΝΕΙΑ ΣΥΧΝΟΤΗΤΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΑΛΛΗΛΟΜΟΡΦΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΘΕΣΕΩΣ EST-C ΜΕΤΑΞΥ ΛΙΤΟΧΩΡΟΥ-ΠΟΛΥΓΥΡΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΑΓΡΟΚΤΗΜΑΤΟΣ-ΠΟΛΥΓΥΡΟΥ ΗΤΟΙ ΜΕΤΑΞΥ ΨΕΚΑΖΟΜΕΝΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΜΗ ΠΕΡΙΟΧΩΝ.A. 1. THE VARIATIONS OF NON-SPECIFIC ESTERASE OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER AND DROSOPHILA SIMULANS HAVE BEEN STUDIED BY MEANS OF HORIZONTAL STARCH GEL ELECTROPHORESIS. 2. SEGREGATION DATA FOR TWO NEW ACTIVE ALLELES (EST-6 2 AND EST-6 3)OF THE LOCUS EST-6 AND FOR ONE NEW LOCUS (EST-3) WITH SIX ACTIVE ALLELES OF DROSOPHILA SIMULANS ARE PRESENTED. 3. THE EST-3 LOCUS IS LOCATED AT 59,5 ON THETHIRD CHROMOSOME. EVIDENCE IN PRESENTED TO SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THIS GENE IN D. SIMULANS IS HOMOLOGUS TO A SIMILAR ONE (EST-C) IN D. MELANOGASTER. B. 1. ELECTROPHORESIC VARIATIONS OF NON-SPECIFIC ESTERASE IN D. MELANOGASTER AND D. SIMULANS WERE INVESTIGATED FROM THREE POPULATIONS OF NORTHERN GREECE, I.E. LITOCHORON KATERINI, FARM OF UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI AND POLYGYROS CHALKIDIKI. 2. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ALLELIC FREQUENCIES OF EST-6 BETWEEN AND WITHIN THE REGIONS ARE NOT SIGNIFICANT. 3. AN HETEROGEITY IN ALLELIC FREQUENCY OF EST-C LOCUS WAS OBSERVED, BETWEEN POPULATIONS FROM LITOCHORON-POLYGYROS ON THE ONE HAND AND UNIVERSITY FARM-POLYGYROS ON THE OTHER; THAT IS BETWEEN POPULATIONS WHICH HAD BEEN SPRAYED WITH ORGANOPHOSPHORIC INSECTICIDE AND THOSE WHICH HADNOT

Genetic Studies in 5 Greek Population Samples Using 12 Highly Polymorphic DNA Loci

Two minisatellite (D1S80, D17S5) and 10 microsatellite (.D2S1328, TPO, D3S1358, D9S926, DUS2010, THOl, VWF, FES, D16S310, and D18S848) polymorphic loci were analyzed in 5 Greek population groups (eastern Macedonia, central Macedonia, Thessaly, Epirus, and Greeks from Asia Minor) using the polymerase chain reaction. The genotypes at these loci conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and pairwise comparisons between them were in agreement with the expectation of independence between loci. This along with the low values of the coefficient of gene differentiation (GST) and the high heterozygosity levels of all loci allows the use of allele frequency data from the 12 hypervariable DNA markers for medicolegal casework in the Greek population groups studied. The small genetic distances indicate a genetic affinity among the 5 population samples. However, a few markers seem to allow some discrimination among the groups. No significant differences with other European populations were found for the loci studied

Allozyme variation in european lobster (homarus gammarus) throughout its distribution range

The European lobster, Homarus gammarus, is a high value species, which is widely distributed from the northern part of Norway to Morocco in North Africa. It is also found throughout the Mediterranean including the Aegean Sea. Knowledge of the genetic structure is necessary for rational management of exploited species. As part of a comprehensive genetic investigation of European lobster (EU-project &quot;Genetics of European Lobster&quot;), 1514 lobsters from 14 locations were analysed for six polymorphic allozyme loci. Despite generally low levels of genetic differentiation (overall F(ST) = 0.016), the tests for population differentiation revealed highly significant values for all loci investigated. In particular, the lobsters from three areas including northern Norway, the Netherlands, and Aegean Sea in the Mediterranean were genetically different from lobsters from other regions. Lobsters from northern Norway have 30% of the genetic diversity observed in the samples from other areas, and polymorphism was only detected at the IDHP-1* locus. A new slow-moving allele at the GPI-1* locus was found in the samples from the Aegean Sea. Pairwise FST comparisons, as well as a UPGMA dendrogram based on Nei\u27s genetic distance (calculated from allele frequencies across the six loci investigated), confirm the separate main groupings