53 research outputs found

    LES EFFETS DE L'HYPOXIE CHEZ LE SUJET SAIN ET PATHOLOGIQUE

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    This thesis investigates the effects of hypoxia in both healthy and diseased areas. Using freediving as a base, hemodynamic adjustments triggered by voluntary breath-holding were studied in trained breath-hold divers (study 1) to be then compared with non-divers (study 2). Moreover, both hemodynamic and ventilatory responses to hypoxia were investigated in trained breath-hold divers (study 3). Plasma adenosine concentration was also measured to clarify pathophysiological mechanisms underlying transient loss of consciousness during breath-holding (study 4). Finally, the effects of intermittent hypoxia were investigated on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight or obese adults (study 5). Overall, the results tend to show that hypoxia induce efficient cardio-ventilatory adjustments in trained breath-hold divers as well as beneficial metabolic adaptations in obese adults. Based upon piecewise regression analyses, the occurrence of a new physiological event during breath-holding has been demonstrated, i.e. the “oxygen-conserving breaking point”. This particular point and subsequent hemodynamic adjustments appears to increase the oxygen-conserving potential of the human diving reflex, therefore delaying hypoxia in oxygen-sensitive organs. Negative chronotropic properties of adenosine might however induce transient loss of consciousness during severe hypoxemia induced by prolonged breath-holding. These results, as well as the increased hypoxic ventilatory response in divers, suggest that breath-holding training might be an alternative strategy to induce altitude pre-acclimatization. Besides, moderate intermittent hypoxia might have beneficial outcomes on cardiometabolic risk factors, suggesting that this environment is the cause of, as well as a promising therapeutic approach in people suffering from metabolic disorders.Ce travail de thĂšse se propose d’étudier les effets de l’hypoxie dans un contexte sain et pathologique. En prenant tout d’abord comme support l’apnĂ©e, nous explorons les ajustements hĂ©modynamiques dĂ©clenchĂ©s par un arrĂȘt volontaire de la respiration chez des apnĂ©istes (Ă©tude 1) pour ensuite les comparer chez des sujets non familiarisĂ©s Ă  cette pratique sportive (Ă©tude 2). Les rĂ©ponses hĂ©modynamiques et ventilatoires Ă  l’hypoxie ont ensuite Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©es afin de dĂ©terminer si la pratique de l’apnĂ©e influence les paramĂštres cardio-ventilatoires en altitude simulĂ©e (Ă©tude 3). L’adĂ©nosine a par ailleurs Ă©tĂ© dosĂ©e pour mieux comprendre les mĂ©canismes physiopathologiques Ă  l’origine de la syncope en apnĂ©e (Ă©tude 4). Enfin, les effets de l’hypoxie normobarique intermittente sont Ă©tudiĂ©s sur les principaux facteurs de risques cardio-mĂ©taboliques chez des personnes obĂšses ou en surpoids (Ă©tude 5). L’ensemble des rĂ©sultats tend Ă  montrer que l’hypoxie entraĂźne des modifications efficientes tant sur le plan cardio-ventilatoire chez les apnĂ©istes que mĂ©tabolique chez les personnes obĂšses. En s’appuyant sur la construction et la validation de modĂšles de rĂ©gression, nous mettons en Ă©vidence l’existence d’un Ă©vĂ©nement physiologique auparavant inconnu lors de l’apnĂ©e, i.e. le « point d’économie d’oxygĂšne ». Mis en lumiĂšre dans plusieurs conditions expĂ©rimentales, celui-ci marque le point de dĂ©part d’une remarquable rupture des cinĂ©tiques hĂ©modynamiques dont l’objectif premier est de renforcer l’économie d’oxygĂšne, retardant in fine l’hypoxie tissulaire des organes nobles. Les propriĂ©tĂ©s chronotropes nĂ©gatives de l’adĂ©nosine seraient nĂ©anmoins susceptibles de dĂ©clencher une syncope en fin d’apnĂ©e en cas d’hypoxĂ©mie extrĂȘme chez certains individus. Ces rĂ©sultats ainsi que la hausse de la rĂ©ponse ventilatoire Ă  l’hypoxie des apnĂ©istes, suggĂšrent que la pratique de l’apnĂ©e pourrait ĂȘtre une alternative de prĂ©-acclimatation Ă  l’altitude naturelle. Outre ces effets, une dose hypoxique « modĂ©rĂ©e » administrĂ©e de façon intermittente parviendrait Ă©galement Ă  rĂ©duire certains facteurs de risques cardio-mĂ©taboliques, faisant de cet environnement une cause, mais aussi une thĂ©rapeutique non mĂ©dicamenteuse prometteuse pour la prise en charge de personnes souffrant de troubles mĂ©taboliques

    Effect of Additional Respiratory Muscle Endurance Training in Young Well- Trained Swimmers

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    International audienceWhile some studies have demonstrated that respiratory muscle endurance training (RMET) improves performances during various exercise modalities, controversy continues about the transfer of RMET effects to swimming performance. The objective of this study was to analyze the added effects of respiratory muscle endurance training (RMET; normocapnic hyperpnea) on the respiratory muscle function and swimming performance of young well-trained swimmers. Two homogenous groups were recruited: ten swimmers performed RMET (RMET group) and ten swimmers performed no RMET (control group). During the 8-week RMET period, all swimmers followed the same training sessions 5-6 times/week. Respiratory muscle strength and endurance , performances on 50-and 200-m trials, effort perception , and dyspnea were assessed before and after the intervention program. The results showed that ventilatory function parameters , chest expansion, respiratory muscle strength and endurance, and performances were improved only in the RMET group. Moreover, perceived exertion and dyspnea were lower in the RMET group in both trials (i.e., 50-and 200-m). Consequently , the swim training associated with RMET was more effective than swim training alone in improving swimming performances. RMET can therefore be considered as a worthwhile ergogenic aid for young competitive swimmers

    Obésité, DiabÚte de type 1 et Activité physique

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    Intermittent normobaric hypoxia alters substrate partitioning and muscle oxygenation in obese individuals: implications for fat burning

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    International audienceThis single-blind, crossover study aimed to measure and evaluate the short-term metabolic responses to continuous and intermittent hypoxic patterns in individuals with obesity. Indirect calorimetry was used to quantify changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR), carbohydrate (CHO ox , %CHO) and fat oxidation (FAT ox , %FAT) in nine individuals with obesity pre- and post-: (i) breathing normoxic air [normoxic sham control (NS-control)]; (ii) breathing continuous hypoxia (CH); or (iii) breathing intermittent hypoxia (IH). A mean peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) of 80-85% was achieved over a total of 45 minutes of hypoxia. Throughout each intervention pulmonary gas exchanges - oxygen consumption ( ), carbon dioxide production ( - and deoxyhaemoglobin concentration ( [HHb]) in the vastus lateralis were measured. Both RMR and CHO ox measured pre- and post-interventions were unchanged following each treatment: NS-control; CH; or IH (all p > 0.05). Conversely, a significant increase in FAT ox was evident between pre- and post-IH (+44%, p = 0.048). While the mean [HHb] values significantly increased during both IH and CH ( p<0.05), the greatest zenith of [HHb] was achieved in IH compared to CH ( p = 0.002). Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between ∆[HHb] and the shift in FAT ox measured pre- and post-intervention. It is suggested that during IH the increased bouts of muscle hypoxia, revealed by elevated ∆[HHb], coupled with cyclic periods of excess post-hypoxia oxygen consumption (EPHOC, inherent to the intermittent pattern) played a significant role in driving the increase in FAT ox post-IH

    Possible causes of narcosis-like symptoms in freedivers.

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    During deep-sea freediving, many freedivers describe symptoms fairly similar to what has been related to inert gas narcosis in scuba divers. This manuscript aims to present the potential mechanisms underlying these symptoms. First, known mechanisms of narcosis are summarized while scuba diving. Then, potential underlying mechanisms involving the toxicity of gases (nitrogen, carbon dioxide and oxygen) are presented in freedivers. As the symptoms are felt during ascent, nitrogen is likely not the only gas involved. Since freedivers are frequently exposed to hypercapnic hypoxia toward the end of the dive, it is proposed that carbon dioxide and oxygen gases both play a major role. Finally, a new "hemodynamic hypothesis" based on the diving reflex is proposed in freedivers. The underlying mechanisms are undoubtedly multifactorial and therefore require further research and a new descriptive name. We propose a new term for these types of symptoms: freediving transient cognitive impairment.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

    Conditionnement hypoxique chez le sujet ùgé ou en situation d'obésité : Administration continue vs Intermittente

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    International audienceIntroduction : Souvent nĂ©gligĂ© dans le monde sportif, le conditionnement hypoxique administrĂ© au repos semble particuliĂšrement adaptĂ© aux populations fragiles. Deux patterns d’hypoxie thĂ©rapeutique – visant Ă  amĂ©liorer la santĂ© cardiomĂ©tabolique – sont rapportĂ©s au sein de la littĂ©rature (Chacaroun et al., 2020). Le premier est l’hypoxie continue (HC), qui consiste en des sessions d’hypoxie soutenue dont la durĂ©e varie d’une heure Ă  une nuit entiĂšre. Le second est l’hypoxie intermittente (HI), qui repose sur de courts intervalles en hypoxie entrecoupĂ©s de brĂšves pĂ©riodes de rĂ©oxygĂ©nation (Costalat et al., 2018). L’objectif est donc d’évaluer l’impact de ces deux patterns sur (i) la rĂ©ponse hĂ©matologique, immunitaire et cardiaque chez le sujet sĂ©nior (ii) les rĂ©ponses mĂ©taboliques chez le sujet en situation d’obĂ©sitĂ©.MĂ©thodologie : Les rĂ©ponses hĂ©matologiques (nombre de globules rouges, concentration en hĂ©moglobine et OFF-score), immunitaire (immunoglobulines A sĂ©crĂ©toires) et cardiaque (troponine T) sont Ă©tudiĂ©es chez 15 sujets seniors (67 ± 6 ans) pendant 3 semaines consĂ©cutives : (i) 5 jours Ă  respirer l’air ambiant sans le port d’un masque (ii) 5 jours Ă  respirer l’air ambiant via le port d’un masque (Sham, FiO2 ~ 21%) ; (ii) 5 jours d’HI (SpO2 cible : 85% ; durĂ©e d’exposition : ~ 70 minutes). Cinq mois plus tard, les mĂȘmes sujets sont rappelĂ©s pour effectuer l’HC. Quant aux rĂ©ponses mĂ©taboliques (dĂ©pense Ă©nergĂ©tique, oxydation des substrats et dĂ©soxyhĂ©moglobine), celles-ci ont Ă©tĂ© investiguĂ©es en aigu chez 9 sujets obĂšses (IMC : 33,7 ± 2,8 ; SpO2 cible : 80% ; DurĂ©e : 45 minutes), par calorimĂ©trie indirecte et spectroscopie dans le proche infra-rouge.RĂ©sultats et discussion : Le nombre de globules rouges (+12,9%) et la concentration en hĂ©moglobine (+14,7%) ont augmentĂ© Ă  la fin du traitement HI (jour 5) chez les sujets sĂ©niors. Ces hausses seraient pour partie liĂ©es Ă  une accĂ©lĂ©ration de la maturation des rĂ©ticulocytes en globules rouges (hausse du OFF-score, jour 5). Les deux traitements n’ont pas affectĂ© les concentrations en immunoglobulines A sĂ©crĂ©toires ou en troponine T. Sur le plan mĂ©tabolique, l’HC et l’HI montrent deux signatures bien distinctes chez le sujet obĂšse. Pendant l’HC, l’oxydation des glucides augmente de maniĂšre intense et brĂšve puis tend Ă  dĂ©cliner au dĂ©triment de l’oxydation des lipides, mettant en Ă©vidence un « point de croisement » des substrats Ă©nergĂ©tiques. Le pattern HI prĂ©sente quant Ă  lui (i) des pics de dĂ©saturation musculaire brefs mais plus intenses que l’HC (ii) une augmentation abrupte et maintenue de la consommation d’oxygĂšne lors des phases de rĂ©oxygĂ©nation. Leur ressemblance avec l’excĂšs de consommation d’oxygĂšne post-exercice interroge sur de possibles caractĂ©ristiques communes, notamment sur le plan mĂ©tabolique (Moniz et al., 2020). Ainsi, les pics de dĂ©pense Ă©nergĂ©tique entre les intervalles hypoxiques expliquent probablement le rebond lipidique observĂ© post-HI (+44% de l’oxydation des lipides).Conclusion et perspectives : Les caractĂ©ristiques uniques du traitement par hypoxie intermittente entraĂźneraient des rĂ©ponses hĂ©matologiques et mĂ©taboliques favorables chez le sujet sĂ©nior et/ou en situation d’obĂ©sitĂ©, sans pour autant compromettre l’immunitĂ© de la muqueuse respiratoire ni l’homĂ©ostasie du myocarde
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