SEROPREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED OF Toxoplasma gondii INFECTION IN GOATS FROM THE PARÁ AND MARANHÃO STATES, BRAZIL

The epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in goats in the Amazon and pre-Amazon regions has been scarcely investigated, indicating that further studies are necessary to avoid losses in the production of small ruminants (due to factors such as: weight loss, low carcass yield and reproductive losses in the face of abortion cases), especially in the family context, as goat farming is the major income of small producers. Serum from 412 goats in Pará and Maranhão states were subjected to the Toxoplasma immunofluorescence antibody test for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii. Of the total sample tested, 97 (23.5%) sera were positive for T. gondii. No statistical difference was found between the seroprevalence in Pará and Maranhão. The age of the animals showed a direct relationship with the prevalence of Toxoplasma infection. In Pará, farms where cats are fed placental remains and have access to the stable are 2.5 times more likely to be seropositive to T. gondii. In Maranhão, farms with more than six cats and those with goats older than 24 months of age are 4.5 and 2.0 times, respectively, more likely to be seropositive for T. gondii. Our results demonstrate that the sanitary handling of animals must consider the amount and access of cats to goats, and how to properly prevent the access and feeding of cats with placenta of goats. Animals older than 24 months were also considered an important risk factor associated with infection by T. gondii in goats.A epidemiologia da toxoplasmose em caprinos na região amazônica e pré-amazônica tem sido pouco estudada, havendo necessidade de mais estudos para evitar perdas na produção de pequenos ruminantes (queda de peso, baixo rendimento de carcaças e perdas reprodutivas face aos casos de abortamento), principalmente no âmbito familiar, pois a caprinocultura é a principal renda dos pequenos produtores. Soro de 412 caprinos nos estados do Pará e Maranhão foram submetidos a reação de imunofluorescência indireta para anticorpos contra Toxoplasma gondii. Do total de amostras testadas, 97 (23,5%) dos soros foram positivos para T. gondii. Não foi observada diferença estatística entre a soroprevalência no Estado do Pará e Maranhão. A idade dos animais apresentou uma relação direta com a soroprevalência de Toxoplasma. No Pará, propriedades onde gatos se alimentavam de restos de placenta dos caprinos e acessavam ao aprisco tinham 2,5 vezes mais chances de serem soropositivos para T. gondii. No Maranhão, propriedades com mais de seis gatos e caprinos com idade superior a 24 meses tinham 4,5 e 2,0 vezes, respectivamente, mais chances de serem soropositivo para T. gondii. Nossos resultados demonstram que o manejo sanitário dos animais deve levar em conta a quantidade e acesso de gatos aos caprinos, e impedir o acesso e alimentação de gatos com placenta de cabras. Animais com idade superior a 24 meses também foram considerados um importante fator de risco associado à infecção pelo T. gondii em caprinos

In vitro efficacy of essential oils against Haematobia irritans

The horn fly (Haematobia irritans) infestation in the cattle in Brazil leads to significant economic damage for livestock. The efficacy of many essential oils has been demonstrated in the control of veterinary ectoparasites. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of four essential oils to adult horn fly control. The essential oil from Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze (Lamiaceae) was extracted by hydro-distillation, while that the water steam distillation method was used to extract the essential oils from Varronia curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult. (Boraginaceae), Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. (Zingiberaceae) and Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae). Afterwards, all the essential oils were analyzed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC?MS) and Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) for determination of their chemical composition. The bioassays in vitro were performed according to the impregnated filter paper methodology. All the essential oils evaluated in this study exhibited efficacy in vitro against H. irritans. The highest mortality of H. irritans was determined by essential oils from A. zerumbet (100%) and M. suaveolens (96.2%) at 50 mg mL-1.  In concentration of 100 mg mL-1 V. curassavica and P. guajava essential oils caused the mortality of 99.2% and 82.8%, respectively. The A. zerumbet, M. suaveolens, V. curassavica and P. guajava essential oils showed in vitro efficacy against H. irritans. Further studies with associations and nanoemultions are necessary to increase the efficacy and stability of these essential oils on field conditions.The horn fly (Haematobia irritans) infestation in the cattle in Brazil leads to significant economic damage for livestock. The efficacy of many essential oils has been demonstrated in the control of veterinary ectoparasites. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of four essential oils to adult horn fly control. The essential oil from Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze (Lamiaceae) was extracted by hydro-distillation, while that the water steam distillation method was used to extract the essential oils from Varronia curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult. (Boraginaceae), Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. (Zingiberaceae) and Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae). Afterwards, all the essential oils were analyzed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC?MS) and Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) for determination of their chemical composition. The bioassays in vitro were performed according to the impregnated filter paper methodology. All the essential oils evaluated in this study exhibited efficacy in vitro against H. irritans. The highest mortality of H. irritans was determined by essential oils from A. zerumbet (100%) and M. suaveolens (96.2%) at 50 mg mL-1. In concentration of 100 mg mL-1 V. curassavica and P. guajava essential oils caused the mortality of 99.2% and 82.8%, respectively. The A. zerumbet, M. suaveolens, V. curassavica and P. guajava essential oils showed in vitro efficacy against H. irritans. Further studies with associations and nanoemulsions are necessary to increase the efficacy and stability of these essential oils on field conditions

Seroprevalence and associated epidemiologic variables with canine visceral leishmaniasis in endemic area, São Luis, Maranhão State, Brazil

Este trabalho teve como objetivos determinar a soroprevalência e as variáveis epidemiológicas associadas com a infecção de Leishmania spp. em cães de cinco localidades no Distrito do Tirirical no município de São Luís, Maranhão. Foram visitadas 72 moradias, perfazendo uma amostra de cem cães domiciliados, e aplicados questionários com o objetivo de determinar os fatores que poderiam estar relacionados com a ocorrência da infecção. Utilizaram-se como variáveis: proximidade da moradia com a mata, existência de criação/abrigo de animais de produção e de animais silvestres, sexo, idade, raça, além de exame clínico do animal, com observação da presença de sinais clínicos compatíveis com a doença. A análise sorológica demonstrou que 67 amostras apresentaram-se positivas para Leishmania spp. Os sinais clínicos observados foram linfadenopatia localizada, alopecia, pelo opaco, emagrecimento, úlceras cutâneas, descamação furfurácea, ceratoconjuntivite, e onicogrifose. Animais das localidades Cruzeiro de Santa Bárbara e Cajupari, ambas localizadas próximas de matas, têm 3,4 e 12,0 vezes mais chances de serem soropositivos para Leishmania spp. do que aqueles das outras localidades estudadas. Não se verificou correlação entre as outras variáveis estudadas e soropositividade para Leishmania spp.This work aimed to determine the seroprevalence and epidemiological variables associated to Leishmania spp. infection in dogs from five locations of Tirirical District, in São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil. Seventy-two houses were visited and samples of one hundred dogs were taken. A questionnaire was applied in order to investigate the possible factors related to the Leishmania infection. The following variables were used: forest proximity from the residence, livestock of domestic animals or shelter of wild animals, sex, age and breed. Clinical examination was also performed looking for clinical signs compatible to the infection. The serological analysis revealed that 67 samples were reactive. The clinical signs observed were focal lymphadenophaty, alopecia, weight loss, cutaneous ulcers, skin desquamation, keratoconjuntivitis and onycogrifosis. Animals from Cruzeiro de Santa Bárbara and Cajupari, both locations near the forest, have 3.4 and 12.0 more chances of being reactive to Leishmania spp. than the ones in the other studied locations. No statistical relation was found between seropositive dogs and any other variables.À Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, pela concessão de bolsa de Iniciação Científica (programa BIC/UEMA), no período de novembro de 2006 a novembro de 2007. À FAPEMA, pela concessão de Bolsa de Apoio Técnico no período de fevereiro de 2008 a fevereiro de 2009

Qualidade de vida de indivíduos com HIV: revisão integrativa / Quality of living of individuals with HIV integration review

 A qualidade de  vida de pacientes vivendo com HIV/AIDS é essencial, tendo em vista o caso específico dos adolescentes é ainda mais importante porque o jovem além de lidar com a resistência e a aceitação da doença, deve também enfrentar os conflitos da puberdade.O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão integrativa em relação a qualidade de vida dos pacientes com HIV. Trata-se de um estudo de revisão integrativa realizado no período de 2016 a 2017, utilizando-se o banco de dados Medline e Lilacs. Apesar do impacto da infecção pelo HIV/AIDS na saúde psicológica e nas relações sociais dos indivíduos infectados, assim como no domínio físico, o uso da TARV provocou consequências positivas na saúde psicológica, proporcionando a desconstrução da ideia de morte advinda ao diagnóstico de portador do HIV/AIDS e a construção de melhores perspectivas de vida. A adesão ao tratamento em HIV/AIDS está relacionada a um aumento da sobrevida e de sua qualidade. Porém deve-se respeitar a posição pessoal do portador para fazer ou não o tratamento

Survival of Haemonchus contortus larvae in forage species in the Eastern Amazon

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência de larvas de terceiro estágio (L3) de Haemonchus contortus em forrageiras na Amazônia Oriental. Foram utilizados quatro canteiros compostos por Megathyrsus maximus 'Massai', M. maximus 'Mombaça', Urochloa brizantha 'Marandu' e Urochloa humidicola, os quais foram divididos em 13 parcelas cada um. Fezes de ovinos com cerca de 10.000 ovos de H. contortus foram depositadas em cada parcela. Amostras de capim, fezes e solo foram coletadas no no sétimo, no décimo quinto e no trigésimo dia pós-contaminação (DPC) e, sequencialmente, a cada 30 dias até o trecentésimo trigésimo DPC. Foram determinados os seguintes dados das gramíneas: microclimáticos, como temperatura, umidade relativa do ar, umidade do solo e luminosidade do capim, e macroclimáticos, como pluviosidade, temperatura, umidade relativa do ar e radiação solar. As larvas do terceiro estágio foram recuperadas em todas as amostras de gramíneas e solo, em todas as parcelas, do sétimo ao trecentésimo trigésimo DPC. Os parâmetros microclimáticos mostram correlações entre a recuperação de L3 na grama e no solo, e os parâmetros macroclimáticos, entre a recuperação de L3 nas fezes e na grama. Urochloa humidicola e M. maximus 'Massai' favorecem o desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência de L3 de H. contortus, enquanto U. brizantha 'Marandu' e M. maximus 'Mombaça' apresentam menor biodisponibilidade dessas larvas.The objective of this work was to evaluate the survival of third-stage larvae (L3) of Haemonchus contortus in forage species in the Eastern Amazon. Four paddocks composed of Megathyrsus maximus 'Massai', M. maximus 'Mombaça', Urochloa brizantha 'Marandu', and Urochloa humidicola were used and divided into 13 plots each. Sheep feces containing about 10,000 eggs of H. contortus were deposited in each plot. Grass, feces, and soil samples were collected on the seventh, fifteenth, and thirtieth day post-contamination (DPC), and, then, they were sequentially collected every 30 days until the three-hundredth and thirtieth DPC. The following data were determined for the grass species: microclimatic, such as temperature, relative humidity, soil moisture, and grass luminosity, as well as macroclimatic data for rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation. L3 were recovered on all grasses and soil samples, in all plots, from the seventh to the three-hundredth and thirtieth DPC. The microclimatic parameters show correlations between the L3 recovery on grass and in the soil, and the macroclimatic parameters, between the L3 recovery in feces and on grass. Urochloa humidicola and M. maximus 'Massai' favor the development and survival of L3 of H. contortus, while U. brizantha 'Marandu' and M. maximus 'Mombaça' show a lower bioavailability of these larvae.

SOROPREVALÊNCIA E VARIÁVEIS EPIDEMIOLÓGICAS ASSOCIADAS À LEISHMANIOSE VISCERAL CANINA EM ÁREA ENDÊMICA NO MUNICÍPIO DE SÃO LUÍS, MARANHÃO, BRASIL

This work aimed to determine the seroprevalence and epidemiological variables associated to Leishmania spp. infection in dogs from five locations of Tirirical District, in São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil. Seventy-two houses were visited and samples of one hundred dogs were taken. A questionnaire was applied in order to investigate the possible factors related to the Leishmania infection. The following variables were used: forest proximity from the residence, livestock of domestic animals or shelter of wild animals, sex, age and breed. Clinical examination was also performed looking for clinical signs compatible to the infection. The serological analysis revealed that 67 samples were reactive. The clinical signs observed were focal lymphadenophaty, alopecia, weight loss, cutaneous ulcers, skin desquamation, keratoconjuntivitis and onycogrifosis. Animals from Cruzeiro de Santa Bárbara and Cajupari, both locations near the forest, have 3.4 and 12.0 more chances of being reactive to Leishmania spp. than the ones in the other studied locations. No statistical relation was found between seropositive dogs and any other variables

In vitro effects of Pilocarpus microphyllus extracts and pilocarpine hydrochloride on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the activity of aqueous (AE) and ethanolic extracts (EE) and pilocarpine hydrochloride, which were extracted and isolated from Pilocarpus microphyllus (Jaborandi), respectively, on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed to quantify these compounds. Larval packet and adult immersion tests were conducted with different concentrations. Five AE and EE concentrations, ranging from 6.2 to 100.0 mg mL–1, and six concentrations of pilocarpine hydrochloride, ranging from 0.7 to 24.0 mg mL–1, were tested. The lethal concentration (LC50) of each extract for larvae and engorged females was calculated through Probit analysis. The concentration of pilocarpine hydrochloride obtained from the EE and the AE was 1.3 and 0.3% (m/m), respectively. Pilocarpine hydrochloride presented the highest acaricidal activity on larvae (LC50 2.6 mg mL–1) and engorged females (LC50 11.8 mg mL–1) of R.(B.) microplus, followed by the EE which presented LC50 of 56.4 and 15.9 mg mL–1, for larvae and engorged females, respectively. Such results indicate that pilocarpine hydrochloride has acaricidal activity, and may be the primary compound responsible for this activity by P. microphyllus EE

Comparison of the in vitro anthelmintic effects of Acacia nilotica and Acacia raddiana

Gastrointestinal nematodes are a major threat to small ruminant rearing in the Sahel area, where farmers traditionally use bioactive plants to control these worms, including Acacia nilotica and Acacia raddiana. The main aim of this study was to screen the potential anthelmintic properties of aqueous and acetone extracts of leaves of these two plants based on three in vitro assays: (1) the egg hatch inhibition assay (EHA); (2) the larvae exsheathment inhibition assay (LEIA) using Haemonchus contortus as a model; and (3) an adult mortality test (AMT) applied on Caenorhabditis elegans. For the EHA, only A. raddiana was effective with IC50 = 1.58 mg/mL for aqueous extract, and IC50 = 0.58 mg/mL for acetonic extract. For the LEIA, all extracts inhibited the exsheathment of larvae compared to the controls, and the aqueous extract of A. nilotica was more larvicidal with IC50 = 0.195 mg/mL. In general, all responses to the substances were dose-dependent and were significantly different from the control group (p < 0.05). For the AMT, the extracts of the two Acacia species were effective but A. raddiana showed greater efficacy with 100% mortality at 2.5 mg/mL and LC50 = 0.84 mg/mL (acetonic extract). The addition of polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVPP) to the extracts suggested that tannins were responsible for blocking egg eclosion and inducing adult mortality but were not responsible for exsheathment inhibition. These results suggest that the leaves of these Acacia species possess ovicidal and larvicidal activities in vitro against H. contortus, and adulticidal effects against C. elegans