Consumer perception of salt consumption and health effects: preliminary results

[PT] O sal é um ingrediente, um condimento e um nutriente, desempenhando um papel fulcral na alimentação humana. No entanto, o seu uso em excesso está associado a hipertensão arterial, um problema de saúde pública. Pretendeu-se avaliar a perceção do consumidor sobre o consumo de sal e os efeitos na saúde, visando sinalizar as principais fragilidades da população portuguesa relativas ao conhecimento sobre esta temática e quais as áreas prioritárias de intervenção. Foram inquiridos até ao momento 115 indivíduos, com idades compreendidas entre 16 e 83 anos. Apesar do nível considerável de literacia dos inquiridos, existe ainda algum desconhecimento relativo às alternativas ao uso do sal e à importância da avaliação frequente da tensão arterial. É necessário continuar a tomar medidas que permitam a redução do teor de sal dos alimentos, contribuindo para a melhoria do estado de saúde da população portuguesa.[EN] Salt is an ingredient, a condiment and a nutrient, playing a major role in human nutrition. However, its excessive use is associated with hypertension, a public health problem. This study intended to evaluate consumers' perception of salt consumption and health effects, in order to signal the main weaknesses of the Portuguese people on this issue and to point out the priority areas of intervention. Up to now 115 individuals have answered the questionnaire (age between 16 to 83 years). Despite the considerable level of literacy of subjects, there is still a lack of knowledge concerning alternatives to the use of salt and the importance of frequent assessment of blood pressure. It is necessary to continue to take measures for the reduction of salt content in food, contributing to the improvement of health status of the portuguese population.Trabalho financiado pelo INSA, IP (projeto PTranSALT-2012DAN828). TGA agradece a bolsa de doutoramento financiada pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Fundo Social Europeu e Ministério da Educação e Ciência (SFRH/BD/99718/2014)

Comparative evolutionary analysis of IL6 in lagomorphs

Background and aims: Interleukin 6 (IL6), also known as interferon beta 2, is a class-I helical cytokine with a broad spectrum of biological activities in humoral and cellular defense. This class of cytokines has a gene structure conserved throughout vertebrates, with five coding exons. IL6 is involved in the immune response against rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus that causes a highly fatal disease in the European rabbit. Previously, IL6 from European rabbit samples belonging to the subspecies Oryctolagus cuniculus cuniculus, was shown to differ from the other mammals by extending for further 27 amino acids. This difference results from a mutation in the typical stop codon into a glutamate encoding codon. However, in other leporids (Sylvilagus spp. and Lepus spp.) that diverged from European rabbit approximately 12 million years ago this mutation was also not present. The purpose of this study was to confirm the mutation of the stop codon in other lagomorph specimens: Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus, Brachylagus idahoensis, Sylvilagus bachmanii, Lepus europaeus and Ochotona princeps. Methods: The IL6 gene was PCR-amplified and sequenced for the five lagomorph species. The obtained sequences were translated and compared with other mammalian IL6 sequences retrieved from public databases (GenBank, Ensembl and Uniprot). A maximum-likelihood (ML) tree was inferred in MEGA5 with the following options: HKY+G model, 500 bootstrap replicates and partial deletion to gaps/missing data treatment. Results: We confirmed the presence of the mutated stop codon in both O. c. cuniculus and O. c. algirus. In agreement with previous reports, we found that the stop codon is not mutated in S. bachmanii and L. europaeus. We further extended this observation to the leporid B. idahoensis and ochotonid O. princeps. In rabbits, sequence translation of IL6 continues into the exonic sequence and stops in the next STOP codon (81 nucleotides downstream). Typically, the IL6 protein has five cysteine residues that might be important to establish disulfide bonds. In rabbit, the 27 amino acid extension has four more cysteine residues. The inferred phylogeny for the IL6 gene is in agreement with what has been accepted for the mammals and lagomorphs.Conclusions: Our results indicate that in the ancestral of the Oryctolagusgenus, (approximately 2 million years ago), a single mutation at exon 5 occurred that made IL6 longer than for the other mammals. Biological implications of this extension remain to be assessed but the occurrence of the 4 extra cysteine residues might suggest some functional relevance

Are there differences from a nutritional point of view between bakery products with and without gluten?

A doença celíaca é uma doença autoimune, desencadeada pela ingestão de glúten, em indivíduos com predisposição genética. O tratamento desta doença passa, única e exclusivamente, pela prática de uma alimentação isenta de glúten, ao longo de toda a vida do doente celíaco. Por este motivo, a indústria alimentar tem investido no aumento de oferta e variedade de produtos alimentares isentos de glúten. Este trabalho de investigação pretendeu avaliar diferenças, do ponto de vista nutricional, entre produtos de pastelaria com e sem glúten. Em 2015, foram adquiridos 14 produtos, dos quais 9 com glúten e 5 sem glúten. Determinaram-se os teores de gordura total, de sal e o perfil de ácidos gordos. As bolachas tipo “Crackers” e tipo “Maria” sem glúten apresentaram teores de gordura superiores aos produtos similares com glúten. No entanto, é muito importante avaliar que tipo de gordura se encontra nestes alimentos. Nas bolachas tipo “Maria” sem glúten a gordura era maioritariamente monoinsaturada, cuja ingestão está associada a um efeito protetor no desenvolvimento de doença coronária. Sendo este tipo de alimentos, apreciado por todas as faixas etárias, mas sobretudo por jovens, é muito importante alargar este trabalho de investigação a uma maior gama de produtos.The coeliac disease is an autoimmune disease triggered by the ingestion of foodstuffs with gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. The treatment of this disease is based on a gluten-free diet, which should be followed throughout life by the coeliac patient. For this reason, the food industry has developed efforts to increase the supply and variety of gluten-free foods. This research aimed to evaluate the differences from a nutritional point of view of bakery products with and without gluten. During 2015, 14 products of which 9 were with gluten and 5 were gluten-free were acquired in different food chains. Total fat, salt and fatty acid profile were determined in the selected samples. The "Crackers" and "Maria" gluten-free biscuits present a higher fat content than similar products with gluten. However, it is very important to evaluate what type of fat can be found in these foods. In "Maria" gluten-free biscuits fat is mostly monounsaturated, whose intake is associated with a protective effect on the development of coronary heart disease. As this type of food, is appreciated by all the age groups, but especially by young people, it is very important to extend this research to a wider range of products.Este trabalho foi financiado pelo INSA, no âmbito do projeto PTran- SALT (2012DAN828). Tânia Gonçalves Albuquerque agradece a bolsa de doutoramento (SFRH/BD/99718/2014) financiada pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Fundo Social Europeu e Ministério da Educação e Ciência.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

“Maria” cookies and Cream Crackers: nutritional comparative analysis

O estilo de vida da população tem sofrido alterações nos últimos anos, levando à diminuição da realização de atividade física e à improvisação de refeições rápidas, menos variadas e provavelmente menos saudáveis, onde têm papel relevante as bolachas. Estas são caracterizadas por serem ricas em açúcares, gordura e em alguns casos sal. Nos últimos anos, e em resposta ao aumento da incidência de diversas doenças crónicas, decorreram várias iniciativas, no sentido de melhorar a qualidade nutricional deste tipo de produtos. Neste trabalho determinou-se o teor de sal, gordura total e a composição em ácidos gordos de bolachas Maria e de água e sal. Realizou-se ainda uma avaliação do potencial impacto na saúde da população que as consome, tendo por base as recomendações de ingestão diária dos referidos nutrientes, bem como a porção recomendada. As bolachas de água e sal analisadas apresentam teores superiores de gordura total e de sal, devendo ser estabelecidas metas que permitam a reformulação gradual destes alimentos. Os teores de ácidos gordos trans nas amostras analisadas decresceram comparativamente com dados publicados anteriormente. Parece fundamental manter os esforços no sentido de modificar a composição destes alimentos, para diminuir o risco de doenças crónicas e para a promoção da saúde da população.In the last years, there has been a change in the lifestyle of the population, resulting in a lack of time for the preparation of healthy meals and to practice physical activity. Cookies are characterized by being foods rich in sugars, fat and in some cases salt. In recent years, several initiatives have been developed to improve the nutritional quality of this type of product due to the increased incidence of chronic diseases. In this work the content of salt, total fat and the fatty acid composition of “Maria” cookies and cream crackers were determined; and an evaluation of the potential impact on the health of the population was made, based on the nutrients dietary reference intakes, as well as considering the recommended portion. The analyzed cream crackers present higher levels of total fat and salt, and goals must be established to allow the reformulation of these foods. The levels of trans fatty acids in the analyzed samples decreased in comparison with previous data. It is very important to develop continuous efforts to modify the composition of these foods in order to reduce the risk of chronic diseases and to promote the health of the population.Este trabalho foi financiado pelo Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), no âmbito do projeto PTranSALT (2012DAN828). Tânia Gonçalves Albuquerque agradece a Bolsa de Doutoramento (SFRH/BD/99718/2014) financiada pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), Fundo Social Europeu (FSE) e Ministério da Educação e Ciência (MEC).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Edible seeds: fatty acids composition and potential health impact

O consumo de sementes (especialmente girassol, sésamo, linhaça e pevides de abóbora) aumentou, nos últimos anos, devido à associação da sua ingestão a efeitos benéficos para a saúde. Mais recentemente, e em resposta a esta tendência do mercado, foram introduzidas "novas" sementes na alimentação, caso das sementes de chia e de papoila. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o teor total de gordura e o perfil em ácidos gordos de diferentes sementes disponíveis no mercado português, e estimar o benefício/risco para a saúde da população portuguesa, associado ao consumo das sementes analisadas. Verificou-se que 75% das amostras analisadas apresentaram o ácido linoleico (C18:2,n6) como o ácido gordo maioritário, e nas restantes sementes foi o ácido alfa-linolénico (C18:3,n3) o mais abundante. As sementes de papoila apresentaram o maior teor de ácido linoleico (71,6%), e as sementes de sésamo apresentaram o teor mais elevado de ácido oleico (39,6% dos ácidos gordos totais). Todas as sementes analisadas apresentam um perfil de ácidos gordos considerado saudável, sendo maioritários os ácidos gordos insaturados relacionados com a prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares.Consumption of seeds (especially sunflower, sesame, flaxseed and pumpkin seeds) has increased in recent years due to the association of their intake with beneficial effects on health. More recently, and in response to this market trend, "new" seeds were introduced in the food chain, such as chia and poppy seeds. The objective of this work was to determine the total fat content and the fatty acid profile of different seeds available in the Portuguese market, and to estimate the potential health benefit/risk for the Portuguese population, associated to the consumption of the analysed seeds. It was found that 75% of the analysed samples presented linoleic acid (C18:2,n6) as the major fatty acid, and in the remaining seeds alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3,n3) was the most abundant. Poppy seeds had the highest content of linoleic acid (71.6%) and sesame seeds had the highest content of oleic acid (39.6% of total fatty acids). All the analysed seeds present a fatty acid profile considered healthy, being the major fatty acids unsaturated which are related to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.Este trabalho foi financiado pelo Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), no âmbito do projeto PTranSALT (2012DAN828). Tânia Gonçalves Albuquerque agradece a bolsa de doutoramento (SFRH/BD/99718/2014) financiada pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), Fundo Social Europeu (FSE) e Ministério da Educação e Ciência (MEC).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Terahertz processes in carbon nanotubes

Copyright 2010 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.We investigated several proposals utilizing the unique electronic properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for a broad range of applications to THz optoelectronics, including THz generation by Cerenkov-type emitters based on carbon nanotubes and by hot electrons in quasimetallic nanotubes, frequency multiplication in chiral-nanotube-based superlattices controlled by a transverse electric field, and THz radiation detection and emission by armchair nanotubes in a strong magnetic field. Dispersion equations of the electron beam instability and the threshold conditions of the stimulated emission have been derived and analyzed, demonstrating realizability of the nanotube-based nanoFEL at realistic parameters of nanotubes and electronic beams

ON THE EQUIVALENCE AMONG SOME CHIRAL-BOSON THEORIES

We make a comparative study of chiral-boson theories in the Florenani-Jackiw (FJ) and linear constraint formulations. A special attention is given to the case with an improved way of implementing the linear constraint. We show that it has the same spectrum of the FJ formulation.Comment: 11 pages, Late

Importance of vitamin C evaluation in infant and follow-on formulas

A vitamina C tem um papel crucial no crescimento e desenvolvimento saudáveis de bebés. As fórmulas infantis são muito consumidas por esta faixa etária e como tal, é de extrema importância garantir que esta vitamina esteja presente em concentrações adequadas. No presente trabalho de investigação, determinou-se o teor de vitamina C total, ácido L-ascórbico e ácido desidroascórbico em fórmulas infantis e compararam-se os resultados obtidos com os limites estabelecidos no Regulamento Delegado (UE) 2016/127. Em 2016, foram adquiridas 7 fórmulas infantis, 4 fórmulas para lactentes e 3 fórmulas de transição. Os teores totais de vitamina C determinados variaram entre 65,4 ± 0,28 e 134 ± 1,27 mg/100 g de amostra, encontrando-se dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação em vigor. Uma vez que este tipo de produtos alimentares é muito importante na alimentação de consumidores de uma faixa etária tão jovem e tão vulnerável como são os lactentes, impõe-se a sua regulamentação, segurança e controlo da qualidade.Vitamin C plays a very important role in the healthy growth and development of babies. Infant and follow-on formulas are frequently consumed by this age group and it is extremely important to ensure that this vitamin is present in adequate concentrations in this type of products. This research aimed to determine the total vitamin C, L-ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid contents in infant foods, and compare the results obtained with the limits established in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/127. In 2016, 7 infant foods, 4 infant formulas and 3 follow-on formulas, were acquired. All vitamin C contents obtained for the analysed samples, ranged from 65.4 ± 0.28 to 134 ± 1.27 mg/100 g of sample, and were within the established limits. Since this type of food products is very important to a group of consumers belonging to an age group as young and as vulnerable as the infants, regulation, safety and quality control of this type of products is of extreme importance.Este trabalho foi financiado pelo Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge no âmbito do projeto BioCOMP (2012DAN730). Tânia Gonçalves Albuquerque agradece a bolsa de doutoramento (SFRH/BD/99718/2014) financiada pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Fundo Social Europeu e Ministério da Educação e Ciência.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Familial pseudoxanthoma elasticum with nephrocalcinosis: a case report

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by progressive calcification and fragmentation of elastic fibres. PXE commonly involves the reticular dermis, the Bruch membrane of the eye, and blood vessels. PXE is caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene. More than 300 pathogenic ABCC6 mutations are known. Two of these mutations are common: p.R1141X in exon 24, with a prevalence of 30%, and the Alu–mediated deletion of exons 23 to 29 (EX23_29del; p.A999_S1403del) found in 10-20% of patients. Homozygosity is rare. A 40-year-old female with a previous diagnosis of PXE was admitted in Nephrology Outpatient Clinic for nephrocalcinosis. She has two sisters, one of which also has a diagnosis of PXE and nephrocalcinosis. Physical examination revealed the presence of typical skin and ocular abnormalities. Microscopic and gross hematuria was reported in both affected sisters. Abdominal ultrasound confirmed bilateral cortico-medullar nephrocalcinosis. Calcium and phosphorus levels in blood and urine were normal. Hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis, hypervitaminosis D and hyperoxaluria were excluded. Renal biopsy showed only minor glomerular abnormalities. Medullary sponge kidney was identified by excretory urography. Genomic DNA was used as a template for PCR amplification of the region spanning introns 22 to 29 of ABCC6 [Pfendner et al., J Med Genet 2007;44:621-8]. The oligonucleotide cocktail used generated a 552bp PCR product for the normal sequence, and a 652bp product for the deletion mutation. Both sisters with PXE were homozygous for the EX23_29del mutation. The third sister did not carry this deletion. There are occasional reports of diffuse visceral calcifications (testis, mammary gland) in PXE. PXE-associated nephrocalcinosis was previously noted in four patients belonging to different families. This is the first report of familiar co-occurrence of PXE and nephrocalcinosis with medullary sponge kidney. These sisters’ peculiar phenotype could be due to their unusual genotype, or other shared genetic and environmental factors

Pre-meal tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) intake can have anti-obesity effects in young women?

The effect of pre-meal tomato intake in the anthropometric indices and blood levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, and uric acid of a young women population (n = 35, 19.6 ± 1.3 years) was evaluated. During 4 weeks, daily, participants ingested a raw ripe tomato (∼90 g) before lunch. Their anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured repeatedly during the follow-up time. At the end of the 4 weeks, significant reductions were observed on body weight (−1.09 ± 0.12 kg on average), % fat (−1.54 ± 0.52%), fasting blood glucose (−5.29 ± 0.80 mg/dl), triglycerides (−8.31 ± 1.34 mg/dl), cholesterol (−10.17 ± 1.21 mg/dl), and uric acid (−0.16 ± 0.04 mg/dl) of the participants. The tomato pre-meal ingestion seemed to interfere positively in body weight, fat percentage, and blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, and uric acid of the young adult women that participated in this study.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio