In vitro digestibility of jitirana using caecal liquor of ostriches Digestibilidade "in vitro" da jitirana com inóculo cecal de avestruzes

To evaluated the in vitro digestibility of jitirana using ostriches ceacal liquor, it were used entirely randomized design on factorial schedule (4x2), with four cut age of forage (60; 75; 90 and 105 days old) and two types forage in natura or hay. There was a significative interaction between cut age and jitirana type to in vitro digestibility of dry matter and proteic fractions, and the means obtained were 59.57% to dry matter, 28.07% to crude protein and 21.7% to neutral detergent insoluble protein. It were not observed significative interaction to in vitro digestibility of fiber fraction, and the means obtained were 45.20% to neutral detergent fiber and 49.83% to neutral detergent fiber corrected to ash and protein. In relation to the different cut age of jitirana plant, to the in vitro digestibility of dry matter to the in natura type, the means stayed between 71.75 and 53.87%, while to the jitirana hay type the in vitro digestibility of dry matter the means stayed between 61.36 and 50.23%. For both jitirana type in natura or hay, the cut age on 60 days old propitiated the best values of digestibility when compared to the cut age on 105 days old, as a higher available and nutritional quality to the fermentative caecal activity.<br>Para avaliar a digestibilidade in vitro da jitirana com inóculo cecal de avestruzes, usou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (4x2), com quatro diferentes idades de corte (60; 75; 90 e 105 dias) e duas formas de uso, in natura ou em feno. Houve interação significativa para digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca e de frações proteicas da jitirana, com média total de 59,57% para matéria seca; 28,07% proteína bruta e 21,70% para proteína insolúvel em detergente neutro. Não foi observada interação significativa para a digestibilidade in vitro da fração fibrosa da jitirana, com média total de 45,20% para fibra em detergente neutro e 49,83% fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e proteína. Em relação às diferentes idades de corte da jitirana, para a planta in natura, as médias de digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca variaram entre 71,75 e 53,87%, enquanto, para a planta fenada, as médias variaram entre 61,36 e 50,23%. Tanto para a planta in natura quanto para o feno de jititrana, a idade de corte aos 60 dias propiciou melhor digestibilidade, especialmente em comparação aos 105 dias, em virtude de uma melhor qualidade e disponibilidade nutricional para atividade fermentativa cecal

Weight and yield of non-carcass components of Morada Nova lambs fed with different levels of metabolizable energy<br>Peso e rendimento dos componentes não-carcaça de ovinos Morada Nova alimentados com diferentes níveis de energia metabolizável

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different metabolizable energy (ME) levels on weight of gastrointestinal content, weight and yield of the internal organs and gastrointestinal compartments of Morada Nova growing lambs. Thirty-two animals, non-castrated, with average body weight of 12.12 ± 1.69 kg and two months old approximately, were used. The animals were distributed into four different metabolizable energy (1.28; 1.72; 2.18 and 2.62 Mcal/kg DM) levels, in randomized block design with eight replicates per treatment. Tifton 85 hay was used as roughage. There was no effect of energy levels (P > 0.05) on weight of gastrointestinal content. Increased linear effect (P Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de energia metabolizável (EM) sobre: peso do conteúdo do trato gastrintestinal, peso e rendimento dos órgãos internos e compartimentos gastrintestinais em ovinos Morada Nova em crescimento. Foram utilizados 32 animais, não castrados, com peso corporal médio de 12,12 ± 1,69 kg e, aproximadamente, dois meses de idade. Os animais foram distribuídos em quatro diferentes níveis de EM (1,28; 1,72; 2,18 e 2,62 Mcal/kg de MS), em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com oito repetições por nível de EM. O feno de Tifton 85 foi utilizado como volumoso. Não foi observado efeito (P > 0,05) dos níveis de energia sobre o peso do conteúdo gastrintestinal. Verificou-se efeito linear crescente (P < 0,05) dos níveis de EM sobre os pesos do coração, PTEL (pulmões, traqueia, esôfago e língua), fígado e baço, expressos em kg. Em relação aos compartimentos do trato gastrintestinal foi observado efeito linear crescente (P < 0,05) dos níveis de EM somente sobre o rúmen-retículo, em %, e intestino delgado, em kg. As gorduras perirrenal, omental e mesentérica foram influenciadas pelos níveis de EM (P < 0,05), com incremento linear para os pesos em kg e %. O aumento dos níveis de EM das rações influencia o peso e rendimento dos órgãos internos, vísceras e gorduras de ovinos Morada Nova em crescimento

Effects of dietary energy density on nutrient digestibility, performance and carcass characteristics of Morada Nova lambs

Foram avaliados os efeitos de diferentes níveis de energia metabolizável (EM) sobre a digestibilidade e características de carcaça em cordeiros Morada Nova. Utilizaram-se 40 cordeiros Morada Nova, com peso inicial de 12,2 ± 2,05 kg. Cinco tratamentos foram definidos de acordo com os níveis de energia metabolizável (0,96; 1,28; 1,72; 2,18 e 2,62 Mcal/kg MS), conduzidos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso. Os animais foram abatidos quando a média de peso corporal (PC) do grupo atingiu 25 kg. Foi observado efeito linear para o coeficiente de digestibilidade da MS, MO, EE, PB, FDN, CT, FC e NFC. O ganho de peso diário (GPD) apresentou aumento linear (P<0,0001) com os níveis de EM. O maior GPD observado foi de 135,98 g/dia para o nível de 2,62 Mcal/kg MS. As características de carcaça avaliadas (peso de carcaça quente, peso de carcaça fria, perda por resfriamento em kg e rendimento biológico) não variaram em função dos níveis de EM, com valores médios de 11,52; 11,03; 0,48 e 57,25, respectivamente. Conclui-se que o incremento do nível de energia em dietas influencia a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e ganhos de peso diário de cordeiros Morada Nova, durante o período de crescimento, sem alterar as características de carcaça.Effects of metabolizable energy (ME) levels were evaluated on nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics in Morada Nova lambs. Forty Morada Nova lambs with initial weight of 12.2 ± 2.05 kg, were used. Five treatments were defined according to metabolizable energy (0.96; 1.28; 1.72; 2.18 and 2.62 Mcal/kg DM) levels. It was used a randomized block design. Animals were slaughtered when body weight mean (BW) of the group reached 25 kg. Linear effect was observed for digestibility coefficient of DM, OM, EE, CP, NDF, TC, FC and NFC. Daily weight gain (DWG) presented linear increase (P<0.0001) with ME levels. The highest DWG observed was 135.98 g/day for the level of 2.62 Mcal/ kg DM. Carcass characteristics (hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, loss by cooling in kilogram and biological yield) did not vary in function of ME levels with average values of 11.52; 11.03; 0.48 and 57.25, respectively. It was concluded that the incresead level of dietary energy influences nutrient digestibility and daily weight gain of Morada Nova lambs during the growing period, without changing carcass traits

Estimative of the nutritional value of agroindustrial byproducts by using in vitro gas production technique<br>Estimativa do valor nutricional de subprodutos agroindustriais pelo uso da técnica de produção de gás

The objective of this work was to determine the total carbohydrates fractions and to estimate the digestion rate of non-fibrous carbohydrates of agroindustrial byproducts by using the gas production technique. The agroindustrial byproducts evaluated were the following: cashew, passion fruit, pineapple, barbados cherry, annatto and melon, and each sample was incubated in quadruplicate. After mixing all contents thoroughly, the bottles were placed in an incubator at 39ºC, and connecting the lid of each bottle to a pressure sensitive switch, a solenoid valve and a vent stem connector. Gas pressure measurements were made at 0, 3, 6, 12, 15, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 40, 48, 60, 72, 96 e 120 hours post-inoculation. Blanks and an internal standard were included to enable adjustments in variation among readings. There was a high variation in nutritional composition of agroindustry byproducts, that cashew and annato presented the highest protein contents (159.3 and 135.3 g/kg of dry matter, respectively). Mellon and cashew presented the lowest values of total gas production (9.60 and 12.85 mL, respectively); and annato, pineapple and passion fruit presented highest gas volume (32.80; 28.16 and 22.54 mL, respectively), being the greatest percentages of phases from B2 fraction (64.27; 81.25 and 67.49%, respectively). Among the byproducts, pineapple and annatto stand out for the highest contribution of fibrous carbohydrate for total gas production, being B2 the main energy source for microbial growth, which is degraded at a slower rate than non-fibrous carbohydrate.<p><p>Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar as frações de carboidratos totais e estimar a taxa de digestão dos carboidratos não-fibrosos de subprodutos agroindustriais, utilizando a técnica de produção de gás. Os subprodutos agroindustriais avaliados foram: caju, maracujá, abacaxi, acerola, urucum e melão, sendo cada amostra incubada em quadriplicata. Após mistura minuciosa de todos os conteúdos, as garrafas foram colocadas em estufa a 39ºC e foram conectadas a um interruptor sensível à pressão, com uma válvula solenóide e uma haste de ventilação. As medições de pressão do gás foram feitas a 0, 3, 6, 12, 15, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 40, 48, 60, 72, 96 e 120 horas após a incubação. Espaços em branco e um padrão interno foram incluídos para permitir ajustes na variação entre as leituras. Houve grande variação na composição nutricional dos subprodutos agroindustriais, sendo que caju e urucum apresentaram os maiores teores de proteína (159.3 e 135.3 g/kg de matéria seca, respectivamente). Melão e caju apresentaram os menores valores de produção total de gás (9,60 e 12,85 mL, respectivamente); e urucum, abacaxi e maracujá apresentaram maiores volumes (32,80; 28,16 e 22,54 mL, respectivamente), sendo os maiores percentuais da fração B2 (64,27; 81,25 e 67,49%, respectivamente). Entre os subprodutos agroindustriais, abacaxi e urucum destacaram-se pela maior contribuição dos carboidratos fibrosos para produção de gás total, sendo a fração B2 a principal fonte de energia para o crescimento microbiano, que é degradada em um ritmo mais lento do que os carboidratos não-fibrosos

Estimative of the nutritional value of agroindustrial byproducts by using in vitro gas production technique

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar as frações de carboidratos totais e estimar a taxa de digestão dos carboidratos não-fibrosos de subprodutos agroindustriais, utilizando a técnica de produção de gás. Os subprodutos agroindustriais avaliados foram: caju, maracujá, abacaxi, acerola, urucum e melão, sendo cada amostra incubada em quadriplicata. Após mistura minuciosa de todos os conteúdos, as garrafas foram colocadas em estufa a 39ºC e foram conectadas a um interruptor sensível à pressão, com uma válvula solenóide e uma haste de ventilação. As medições de pressão do gás foram feitas a 0, 3, 6, 12, 15, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 40, 48, 60, 72, 96 e 120 horas após a incubação. Espaços em branco e um padrão interno foram incluídos para permitir ajustes na variação entre as leituras. Houve grande variação na composição nutricional dos subprodutos agroindustriais, sendo que caju e urucum apresentaram os maiores teores de proteína (159.3 e 135.3 g/kg de matéria seca, respectivamente). Melão e caju apresentaram os menores valores de produção total de gás (9,60 e 12,85 mL, respectivamente); e urucum, abacaxi e maracujá apresentaram maiores volumes (32,80; 28,16 e 22,54 mL, respectivamente), sendo os maiores percentuais da fração B2 (64,27; 81,25 e 67,49%, respectivamente). Entre os subprodutos agroindustriais, abacaxi e urucum destacaram-se pela maior contribuição dos carboidratos fibrosos para produção de gás total, sendo a fração B2 a principal fonte de energia para o crescimento microbiano, que é degradada em um ritmo mais lento do que os carboidratos não-fibrosos.The objective of this work was to determine the total carbohydrates fractions and to estimate the digestion rate of non-fibrous carbohydrates of agroindustrial byproducts by using the gas production technique. The agroindustrial byproducts evaluated were the following: cashew, passion fruit, pineapple, barbados cherry, annatto and melon, and each sample was incubated in quadruplicate. After mixing all contents thoroughly, the bottles were placed in an incubator at 39ºC, and connecting the lid of each bottle to a pressure sensitive switch, a solenoid valve and a vent stem connector. Gas pressure measurements were made at 0, 3, 6, 12, 15, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 40, 48, 60, 72, 96 e 120 hours post-inoculation. Blanks and an internal standard were included to enable adjustments in variation among readings. There was a high variation in nutritional composition of agroindustry byproducts, that cashew and annato presented the highest protein contents (159.3 and 135.3 g/kg of dry matter, respectively). Mellon and cashew presented the lowest values of total gas production (9.60 and 12.85 mL, respectively); and annato, pineapple and passion fruit presented highest gas volume (32.80; 28.16 and 22.54 mL, respectively), being the greatest percentages of phases from B2 fraction (64.27; 81.25 and 67.49%, respectively). Among the byproducts, pineapple and annatto stand out for the highest contribution of fibrous carbohydrate for total gas production, being B2 the main energy source for microbial growth, which is degraded at a slower rate than non-fibrous carbohydrate

Dietetic requirements and evaluation of a small ruminant nutrition system model in Morada Nova lambs

O estudo foi conduzido para estimar as eficiências de utilização da energia metabolizável (EM) para mantença (km) e ganho de peso (kg) e avaliação do modelo Small Ruminant Nutrition System (SRNS) para predição do consumo de matéria seca (CMS) e ganho médio diário (GMD) de cordeiros Morada Nova em crescimento. Os animais não castrados e com dois meses de idade, apresentaram peso corporal médio inicial de 12,05 ± 1,81 kg. Oito animais foram abatidos no início do experimento como grupo referência, com o objetivo de estimar o peso do corpo vazio inicial e a composição corporal. Os animais remanescentes foram distribuídos em delineamento em blocos inteiramente casualizados com oito repetições por bloco e cinco dietas com níveis crescentes de energia metabolizável (0,96, 1,28, 1,72, 2,18 e 2.62 Mcal/kg de matéria seca (MS)). As eficiências de uso da energia metabolizável para mantença e ganho de peso foram calculados a partir da relação entre a energia líquida dietética para mantença e ganho e a concentração de EM nas dietas. A avaliação do modelo SRNS foi realizada por meio do ajuste do modelo linear de regressão simples entre os valores preditos (variável independente) e observados (variável dependente). A eficiência de utilização da EM para mantença (0,96 Mcal/kg MS) foi 0,24 e diminuiu (0,60 para 0,40) para os demais tratamentos com o aumento do nível de energia. O CMS e o GMD preditos pelo modelo SRNS não diferiram (P?0,05) dos valores observados. Assim, o modelo SRNS pode ser utilizado para estimar o CMS e o GMD de rebanhos de cordeiros Morada Nova.This study was carried out to estimate efficiencies of the utilization of metabolizable energy for maintenance (km) and weight gain (kg) and to evaluate the Small Ruminant Nutrition System (SRNS) model in predicting dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) of growing Morada Nova lambs. The animals were non-castrated and two months of age, with initial body weights averaging 12.05 ± 1.81 kg. Eight animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the trial as a reference group, in order to estimate initial empty body weight and body composition. The remaining animals were assigned to a randomized block design with eight replications per block and five diets with increasing metabolizable energy levels (0.96, 1.28, 1.72, 2.18 and 2.62 Mcal/kg of dry matter (DM)). The metabolizable energy use efficiencies for maintenance and for weight gain were calculated from the relationship between the dietary net energy for maintenance and gain and ME concentration in the diets. Evaluation of the SRNS model was performed by adjustment of simple linear regression model between the predicted (independent variable) and observed (dependent variable) values. The efficiency of ME utilization for maintenance (0.96 Mcal/kg DM) was 0.24 and decreased (0.60 to 0.40) for the other treatments with increasing energy content. The DMI and ADG predicted by the SRNS model did not differ (P?0.05) from the observed values. Thus, the SRNS model can be used to estimate the DMI and ADG in feedlot Morada Nova lambs

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora