Evaluation of high-concentrate diets that vary in physically effective neutral detergent fibre for finishing lambs

The objective of this research was to evaluate lamb diets with a high proportion of concentrate and various levels of physically effective neutral detergent fibre (NDF) using tropical ingredients. Four diets were formulated: D1 with 16.5% physically effective NDF (peNDF), D2 with 21.4% peNDF, D3 with 23.3% peNDF, and D4 with 24.6% peNDF. Twenty male Santa Inês lambs at four months old with an average liveweight (LW) of 18.6 ± 3.4 kg were fed for 49 days. There were no differences (P >0.05) among the diets in dry matter (DM) intake. Crude protein (CP) intake, relative to either LW or metabolic live weight (LW0.75) or LW, was greater (P ≤0.05) for D2 and D3 than for D1 or D4. Lower (P ≤0.05) NDF intake, relative to LW0.75 or LW, was lower for D1 than for the other diets. Selection indexes (SIs) were similar (P >0.05) among diets. Animals that consumed D1 had less (P ≤0.05) rumination time per bolus. Meaningful variations were not observed in performance and efficiency of finishing lambs that were related to differences in peNDF among the diets. Santa Inês lambs were able to adapt to diets with low levels of peNDF by increasing rumination time as a consequence of increased fibre consumption and greater particle size selection

Effect of breed on meat quality and global acceptance of native lambs and their crosses

International projections point to the growth in global production of sheep meat, mainly from developing countries. However, the exigencies of consumers on characterization of production systems, nutritional information, and sensorial analysis to target the preferences must be answered. The aim of this study was to characterize the meat quality and the global acceptance of Brazilian native ovine breeds and their crosses, and discuss these aspects on the current basis of human health and wellbeing. Three native breeds (Morada Nova, Rabo Largo, and Santa Inês) that were managed in semi-intensive systems and raised in semi-arid Brazilian regions were used. Chemical composition and fatty acid analysis, sensory evaluation and health indices were accessed. The combined effects of breed, sex and breed by sex interaction produced differentiation in meat fatty acid (FA) profiles. The cholesterol contents ranged between 51 and 59.1 mg/100 g. The Morada Nova lambs showed the lowest lipid content (1.93%). The Morada Nova x Rabo Largo crossbreed breed has the potential to increase the content of conjugated linoleic acid. The high content of α-linolenic acid, which is considered hypocholesterolemic, was responsible for better health indices. The moderate acceptability obtained in sensory traits is compatible with the requirements of the consumer market. The combination of nutritional and sensory traits associated with human health and wellbeing that is presented by these native ovine breeds qualifies them as a good choice of red meat to be included in a larger proportion in human food. Keywords: fatty acids, healthier meat, semi-arid region, shee

Conjunctival Changes Induced By Prostaglandin Analogues And Timolol Maleate: A Histomorphometric Study

Purpose: To compare histological changes induced by antiglaucoma medications in the rabbit conjunctiva. Methods: Fifty New Zeland rabbits were divided in 5 groups 10 animals. The left eyes were treated daily with one drop of bimatoprost 0.03%, travoprost 0.004%, latanoprost 0.005%, timolol maleate 0.5% or artificial tears containing benzalkonium chloride (BAK) for 30 days. The right eyes served as control. Superior limbic conjunctival biopsies were performed at the 8th and 30th day in 5 rabbits of each group. The conjunctive was fixed with 10% formaldehyde, followed by He and PAS staining. Morphohistometric quantitative analyses were performed to evaluate the following parameters: inflammatory infiltrate, epithelial thickness number of goblet cells, diameter and number of blood vessels. Results: At the 8th and 30th posttreatment days, all groups, except one that received artificial tears, exhibited a diffuse inflammatory infiltrate, composed by lymphocytes and neutrophils, which was denser in the timolol group than in the prostaglandin (PG) analogues groups. At the 30th day, the timolol group showed an increased subepithelial collagen density and a significant increase in epithelial thickness (p=0.0035). The goblet cell density was significantly increased at the 8th day in the group treated with travoprost (p=0.0006), and at the 30th day in those treated with bimaprost (p=0.0021) and latanoprost (p=0.009). Conclusions: Although a moderate, diffuse inflammatory infiltrate was observed in PG-treated eyes, no changes in conjunctival epithelial thickness or subconjunctival collagen density were observed with these medications, suggesting that these drugs induce fewer changes than timolol maleate in the rabbit conjuctiva.706910916Gordon MO, Beiser JA, Brandt JD, Heuer DK, Higginbotham EJ, Johnson CA, et al. The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: baseline factors that predict the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120(6):714-20discussion 829-30. Comment in: Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122(7):1088-9author reply 1089Ritch, P., Shields, B., Krupin, T., Pharmacology The glaucomas, 3 (C1996), pp. 1375-1489. , Ritch R, Shields MB, Krupin T, editors, 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby;Lindén, C., Therapeutic potential of prostoglandin analogues in glaucoma (2001) Expert Opin Investig Drug, 10 (4), pp. 679-694Noecker, R.S., Dirks, M.S., Choplin, N., Bimatoprost/Latanoprost Study Group. Comparison of latanoprost, bimatoprost, and travoprost in patients with elevated intraocular pressure: A 12-week, randomized, masked-evaluator multicenter study (2003) Am J Ophthalmol, 137 (1), pp. 210-211Parrish RK, Palmberg P, Shen WPXLT Study Group. A comparison of latanoprost, bimatoprost, and travoprost in patients with elevated intraocular pressure: a 12-week, randomized, masked-evaluator multicenter study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135(5):688-703Stewart, W.C., Kolker, A.E., Stewart, J.A., Leech, J., Jackson, A.L., Conjunctival hyperemia in healthy subjects after short-term dosing with latanoprost, bimatoprost, and travoprost (2003) Am J Ophthalmol, 135 (3), pp. 314-320Feldman, R.M., Conjunctival hyperemia and the use of topical prostaglandins in glaucoma and ocular hypertension (2003) J Ocul Pharmacol Ther, 19 (1), pp. 23-35Johnstone, M.A., Hypertrichosis and increased pigmentation of eyelashes and adjacent hair in the region of the ipsilateral eyelids of patients treated with unilateral topical latanoprost (1997) Am J Ophthalmol, 124 (4), pp. 544-547Kook, M.S., Lee, K., Increased eyelid pigmentation associated with use of latanoprost (2000) Am J Ophtalmol, 129 (6), pp. 804-806Pfeiffer, N., Griesrson, I., Goldsmith, H., Hochgesand, D., Winkgen-Böhres, A., Appleton, P., Histological effects in the iris after 3 months of latanoprost therapy: The Mainz 1 study (2001) Arch Ophtalmol, 119 (2), pp. 191-196Teus, M.A., Arranz-Marquez, E., Lucea-Suescun, P., Incidence of iris colour change in latanoprost treated eyes (2002) Br J Ophthalmol, 86 (10), pp. 1085-1088Arcieri, E.S., Santana, A., Rocha, F.N., Guapo, G.L., Costa, V.P., Blood-aqueous barrier changes after the use of prostaglandin analogues in patients with pseudophakia and aphakia: A 6-month randomized trial (2005) Arch Ophthalmol, 123 (2), pp. 186-192Brandt, J.D., Wittpenn, J.R., Katz, L.J., Steinmann, W.N., Spaeth, G.L., Conjunctival impression cytology in patients with glaucoma using long-term topical medication (1991) Am J Ophthalmol, 112 (3), pp. 297-301Mietz, H., Shlötzer-Schrehardt, U., Strassfeld, C., Krieglstein, G.K., Effect of latanoprost and timolol on the histopathology of the rabbit conjunctiva (2001) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 42 (3), pp. 679-687Miatz, H., Esser, J.M., Welsandt, G., Kociok, N., Hueber, A., Joussen, A., Latanoprost stimulates secretion of matrix metalloproteinases in tenon fibroblasts both in vitro and in vivo (2003) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 44 (12), pp. 5182-5188Costagliola, C., Prete, A.D., Incorvaia, C., Fusco, R., Parmeggiani, F., Di Giovanni, A., Ocular surface changes induced by topical application of latanoprost and timolol: A short-term study in glaucomatous patients with and without allergic conjunctivitis (2001) Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 239 (11), pp. 809-814Herrems JM, Pastor JC, Calonge M, Asensio VM. Ocular surface alteration after long-term treatment with antiglaucomatious drug. Ophthalmology. 199299(7):1082-8. Comment in: Ophthalmology. 1993;100(3):293-4Broadway, D.C., Grierson, I., O'Brien, C., Hitchings, R.A., Adverse effects of topical antiglaucoma medication. I. The conjunctival cell profile (1994) Arch Ophthalmol, 112 (11), pp. 1437-1445Broadway DC, Grierson I, O'Brien C, Hitchings RA. Adverse effects of topical antiglaucoma medication. II. The outcome of filtration surgery. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112(11):1446-54. Comment in: Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113(7):849-50Lavin, M.J., Wormald, R.P., Migdal, C.S., Hitchings, R.A., The influence of prior therapy on the success of trabeculectomy (1990) Arch Ophthalmol, 108 (11), pp. 1543-1548Baudouin, C., Garcher, C., Haouat, N., Bron, A., Gastaud, P., Expression of inflammatory membrane markers by conjunctival cells in chronically treated patients with glaucoma (1994) Ophthalmology, 101 (3), pp. 454-460Aragona, P., Candela, V., Caputi, A.P., Micali, A., Puzzolo, D., Quintieri, M., Effects of a stable analogue of PGE2 (11-deoxy-13,14-didehydro-16 (S)- methylester methyl PGE2: FCE 20700) on the secretory processes of conjunctival globet cells of rabbit (1987) Exp Eye Res, 45 (5), pp. 647-654Baudouin, C., Side effects of antiglaucomatous drugs on the ocular surface (1996) Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 7 (2), pp. 80-86Baudouin C, Pisella PJ, Fillacier K, Goldschild M, Becquet F, De Saint Jean M. Béchetoille A. Ocular surface inflammatory changes induced by topical antiglaucoma drugs: human and animal studies. Ophthalmology. 1999106(3):556-63. Comment in: Ophthalmology. 1999106(10):1853Blondin, C., Hamard, P., Cholley, B., Haeffner-Cavaillon, N., Baudouin, C., In vitro effects of preserved or preservative-free antiglaucoma medications on human complement system (2003) Curr Eye Res, 27 (4), pp. 253-259Broadway, D., Hitchings, R., Grierson, I., The affect of topical anti-glaucomatous medications on the cell profile of the conjunctiva (1993) Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 4, pp. 51-57Addicks, E.M., Quigley, H.A., Green, W.R., Robin, A.L., Histologic characteristics of filtering blebs in glaucomatous eyes (1993) Arch Ophthalmol, 101 (5), pp. 795-798Gwynn, D.R., Stewart, W.C., Pitts, R.A., McMillan, T.A., Hennis, H.L., Conjunctival structure and cell counts and the results of filtering surgery (1993) Am J Ophthalmol, 116 (4), pp. 464-468Sherwood, M.B., Grierson, I., Millar, L., Hitchings, R.A., Long-term morphologic effects of antiglaucoma drugs on the conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule in glaucomatous patients (1989) Ophthalmology, 96 (3), pp. 327-335Mietz, H., Niesen, U., Krleglstein, G.K., The effect of preservatives and antiglaucomatous medication on the histopathology of the conjunctiva (1994) Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 232 (9), pp. 561-565Bensoussan, I., Blondin, C., Baudouin, C., Hamard, P., Sabeh Afaki, G., Creuzot-Garcher, C.A., Flow cytometic analysis of HLA-DR, IL-6 and IL-8 expression by conjunctival epithelial cells from patients with prolonged topical antiglaucoma treatments] (2003) J Fr Ophtalmol, 26 (8), pp. 762-769Guenoun, J.M., Baudouin, C., Rat, P., Pauly, A., Warnet, J.M., Brignole-Baudouin, F., In vitro study of inflammatory potential and toxicity profile of latanoprost, travoprost, and bimatoprost in conjunctiva-derived epithelial cells (2005) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 46 (7), pp. 2444-2450Moreno, M., Villena, A., Cabarga, C., Sanchez-Font, E., Garcia-Campos, J., Impression cytology of the conjunctival epithelium after antiglaucomatous treatment with latanaprost (2003) Eur J Ophthalmol, 13 (6), pp. 553-559Guglielminetti, E., Barabino, S., Monaco, M., Mantero, S., Rolando, M., HLA-DR expression in conjunctival cells after latanoprost (2002) J Ocul Pharmacol Ther, 18 (1), pp. 1-9Broadway, D., Hitchings, R., Grierson, I., Topical antiglaucoma therapy: Adverse effects on the conjunctiva and implications for filtration surgery (1995) J Glaucoma, 4, pp. 136-148Oh, D.J., Martin, J.L., Williams, A.J., Peck, R.E., Pokorny, C., Russell, P., Analysis of expression of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in human ciliary body after latanoprost (2006) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 47 (3), pp. 953-963Young, L.T., Higginbotham, E.J., Zou, X.L., Farber, M.D., Effects of topical glaucoma drugs on fistulized rabbit conjunctiva (1990) Ophthalmology, 97 (11), pp. 1423-1427De Saint Jean, M., Brignole, F., Bringuier, A.F., Bauchet, A., Feldmann, G., Baudouin, C., Effects of benzalkonium chloride on growth and survival of Chang conjunctival cells (1999) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 40 (3), pp. 619-630Bensoussan, L., Blondin, C., Baudouin, C., Hemard, P., Sabeh Afaki, G., Creuzot-Garcher, C., (2003) Flow cytometric analysis of HLA-DR, IL-6 and IL-8 expression by conjunctival epithelial cells from patients with prolonged topical antiglaucoma treatments]J Fr Ophtalmol, 26 (8), pp. 782-789Pisella, P.J., Debbasch, C., Hamard, P., Creuzot-Garchar, C., Rat, P., Brignole, F., Baudouin, C., Conjunctival proinflammatory and proapoptotic effects of latanoprost and preserved and unpreserved timolol: An ex vivo and in vitro study (2004) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 45 (5), pp. 1360-1368Debbasch, C., De La Salle, S.B., Brignole, F., Rat, P., Warnet, M., Baudouin, C., Cytoprotective effects of hyaluronic acid and Carbomer 934P in ocular surface epithelial cells (2002) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 43 (11), pp. 3409-341

Black hole thermodynamical entropy

As early as 1902, Gibbs pointed out that systems whose partition function diverges, e.g. gravitation, lie outside the validity of the Boltzmann-Gibbs (BG) theory. Consistently, since the pioneering Bekenstein-Hawking results, physically meaningful evidence (e.g., the holographic principle) has accumulated that the BG entropy $S_{BG}$ of a $(3+1)$ black hole is proportional to its area $L^2$ ($L$ being a characteristic linear length), and not to its volume $L^3$. Similarly it exists the \emph{area law}, so named because, for a wide class of strongly quantum-entangled $d$-dimensional systems, $S_{BG}$ is proportional to $\ln L$ if $d=1$, and to $L^{d-1}$ if $d>1$, instead of being proportional to $L^d$ ($d \ge 1$). These results violate the extensivity of the thermodynamical entropy of a $d$-dimensional system. This thermodynamical inconsistency disappears if we realize that the thermodynamical entropy of such nonstandard systems is \emph{not} to be identified with the BG {\it additive} entropy but with appropriately generalized {\it nonadditive} entropies. Indeed, the celebrated usefulness of the BG entropy is founded on hypothesis such as relatively weak probabilistic correlations (and their connections to ergodicity, which by no means can be assumed as a general rule of nature). Here we introduce a generalized entropy which, for the Schwarzschild black hole and the area law, can solve the thermodynamic puzzle.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures. Accepted for publication in EPJ

Consumo, degradabilidade in situ e cinética ruminal em bovinos suplementados com diferentes proteinados

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de combinações de diferentes fontes de nitrogênio não proteico com fontes de carboidratos como suplemento para bovinos sobre o consumo, degradabilidade in situ, taxa de passagem e cinética ruminal em bovinos. Os tratamentos consistiram nos seguintes suplementos proteinados: CSUENC = casca de soja + ureia encapsulada; CSUREIA = casca de soja + ureia; MTAMIR = milho triturado + amireia; MTURENC = milho triturado + ureia encapsulada, MTUREIA = milho triturado + ureia. Os animais foram alimentados com feno de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu como fonte de volumoso. O ensaio foi conduzido em delineamento quadrado latino 5x5 (cinco suplementos, cinco animais, cinco períodos). Não houve diferenças para consumo de nutrientes (P>0,05), exceto para consumo de proteína bruta g/kgPV0,75, em que se verificou maior consumo no tratamento CSUENC. Para frações fibrosas, foram obtidas maiores ingestões de fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido (kg/dia; % PV; g/kgPV0,75), hemicelulose (% PV; g/kgPV0,75) quando alimentados com CSUREIA em relação àqueles com MTUREIA (P0,05), exceto para fração potencialmente degradável da celulose. A concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal no líquido ruminal foi influenciada pela composição dos proteinados (P<0,05), sendo superior para os tratamentos MTUREIA e MTURENC em relação à CSURENC. As combinações entre diferentes fontes de nitrogênio não proteico e de carboidratos nos diferentes suplementos não modificam o consumo e a degradabilidade da forragem. Dessa forma, a escolha dos ingredientes para formulação de proteinados deve ser realizada considerando-se disponibilidade e preços desses suplementos

Desempenho produtivo e características de carcaça de cordeiros Rabo Largo puro e cruzados com Santa Inês

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do cruzamento entre ovinos nativos no desempenho e características da carcaça. Foram utilizados vinte cordeiros, machos, inteiros, com idade inicial de quatro meses, e peso médio inicial 19,0±5,11, distribuídos em dois grupos genéticos: Rabo Largo (RL) e Santa Inês x Rabo Largo (F1SI x RL), em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. Os animais foram terminados em regime de confinamento durante 70 dias. Os cordeiros F1SI x RL apresentaram maiores pesos ao desmame, ao abate, do corpo vazio, das carcaças quente e fria, e maior rendimento biológico. Verificaram maiores valores para os parâmetros de morfometria da carcaça para animais F1SI x RL comparados aos animais Rabo Largo (P<0,05). Os pesos da hemi-carcaça e dos cortes comerciais foram superiores para cordeiros F1SI x RL. Nas medidas obtidas no músculo Longissimus dorsi, os cordeiros Rabo Largo apresentaram valores superiores para espessura de gordura subcutânea. A utilização da raça Santa Inês como base paterna acarreta em melhorias nas características de carcaça de cordeiros Rabo Largo podendo ser indicado em sistemas de produção de carne ovina

Efeito da suplementação com sulfato de zinco ou propilenoglicol em ovinos em uma pastagem nativa da Caatinga no período chuvoso: desempenho, características da carcaça e da carne

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do zinco ou do propilenoglicol sobre o desempenho e nas características da carcaça e da carne de ovinos sob pastejo em pastagem nativa da Caatinga. Utilizaram-se 24 ovinos, mestiços Santa Inês, machos, não castrados, peso inicial de 19,3±2,52kg, com quatro meses de idade, oito repetições por tratamento, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. Os tratamentos foram: sem aditivo, controle (CT), adição de sulfato de zinco (ZnSO4.7H2O) (Zn) para fornecimento de 300mg de Zn dia-1 via sal mineral, e propilenoglicol (PG), 2,5mL kgPC0,75-1 animal-1 dia-1 misturado no concentrado. Os animais foram suplementados com concentrado constituído de milho (54,0%), farelo de soja (45,1%) e calcário (0,911%) em 0,7% do PC médio de cada tratamento. O ensaio foi conduzido durante quatro meses (março a junho/2014). Avaliaram-se o desempenho e, após o abate dos animais, as características de carcaça e os componentes não carcaça, os parâmetros físico-químicos e organolépticos na carne. O Zn e o propilenoglicol não afetaram o desempenho e os parâmetros da carcaça em termos absoluto e relativo, bem como os pesos dos cortes e seus rendimentos (P>0,05). Não houve efeito dos aditivos nas características organolépticas e nos aspectos físico-químicos da carne (P>0,05), exceto cinzas (P<0,05). O zinco e o propilenoglicol não melhoram o desempenho e as características da carcaça de animais terminados em pastagem nativa da Caatinga. O baixo suprimento energético devido à má qualidade do pasto entre os meses de abril a junho contribui para a ineficiência no aproveitamento dos constituintes proteicos, implicando menor consumo e consequente diminuição do desempenho