Assessment of steady and unsteady friction models in the draining processes of hydraulic installations

The study of draining processes without admitting air has been conducted using only steady friction formulations in the implementation of governing equations. However, this hydraulic event involves transitions from laminar to turbulent flow, and vice versa, because of the changes in water velocity. In this sense, this research improves the current mathematical model considering unsteady friction models. An experimental facility composed by a 4.36 m long methacrylate pipe was configured, and measurements of air pocket pressure oscillations were recorded. The mathematical model was performed using steady and unsteady friction models. Comparisons between measured and computed air pocket pressure patterns indicated that unsteady friction models slightly improve the results compared to steady friction models

Numerical modelling for analysing drainage in irregular profile pipes using OpenFOAM

Different methods of two-dimensional and three-dimensional numerical resolution models have been used to predict the air–water interaction in pipe systems in the early twenty-first century, where reliable and adequate results have been obtained when compared with experimental results. However, the study of the drainage process in pressurized systems with air admitted through openings has not been studied using this type of model due to the complexity that this represents. In this research, a two-dimensional numerical model is developed in the open-source software OpenFOAM; this model represents the drainage of an irregular pipe with air admitted by an air valve, defined by a structured mesh. A validation of the numerical model related to the air admitted by the variation of the air valve diameter is also performed. © 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

An implicit formulation for calculating final conditions in drainage maneuvers in pressurized water installations

[EN] Emptying processes are typical maneuvers that should be performed by water distribution companies for operation purposes. These processes involve a complex numerical analysis, since a set of algebraic and ordinary differential equations needs to be solved for the intricacy of hydraulic and thermodynamic formulations for two analyzed phases (liquid and gas). This research provides an implicit equation to compute exactly the final conditions in water emptying operations in single pipelines without an air valve (or admitted air). The implicit expression was developed by considering that for all final conditions, the water velocity is null, and thus, the water column length and air pocket pressure can be computed. The friction factor, internal pipe diameter, and opening maneuvers of drain valves do not disturb the final conditions in draining processes. The developed implicit formulation was validated using experimental measurements in a pipeline with a total length of 4.36 m. The equation is of utmost importance, since it can be utilized for engineers to easily plan for future conditions in water distribution networks.This research was funded by the Escuela Naval de Cadetes "Almirante Padilla"-Armada de Colombia with the financial support of the ARC-Minciencias for the project entitled "Console Prototype of engineering in virtual reality and simulation in the training of crew members in emergency procedures" with grant number 75926.Coronado-Hernández, OE.; Bonilla-Correa, DM.; Lovo, A.; Fuertes-Miquel, VS.; Gatica, G.; Linfati, R.; Coronado-Hernández, JR. (2022). An implicit formulation for calculating final conditions in drainage maneuvers in pressurized water installations. Water. 14(21):1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14213364113142

Hydropower Advantages over Batteries in Energy Storage of Off-Grid Systems: A Case Study

Microgrids are decentralized power production systems, where the energy production and consumption are very close to each other. Microgrids generally exploit renewable energy sources, encountering a problem of storage, as the power production from solar and wind is intermittent. This research presents a new integrated methodology and discusses a comparison of batteries and pumped storage hydropower (PSH) as energy storage systems with the integration of wind and solar PV energy sources, which are the major upcoming technologies in the renewable energy sector. We implemented the simulator and optimizer model (HOMER), which develops energy availability usage to obtain optimized renewable energy integration in the microgrid, showing its economic added value. Two scenarios are run with this model—one considers batteries as an energy storage technology and the other considers PSH—in order to obtain the best economic and technical results for the analyzed microgrid. The economic analysis showed a lower net present cost (NPC) and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for the microgrid with PSH. The results showed that the microgrid with the storage of PSH was economical, with an NPC of 45.8 M€ and an LCOE of 0.379 €/kWh, in comparison with the scenario with batteries, which had an NPC of 95.2 M€ and an LCOE of 0.786 €/kWh. The role of storage was understood by differentiating the data into different seasons, using a Python model. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was conducted by varying the capital cost multiplier of solar PV and wind turbines to obtain the best optimal economic solutions

Effect of a commercial air valve on the rapid filling of a single pipeline: a numerical and experimental analysis

[EN] The filling process in water pipelines produces pressure surges caused by the compression of air pockets. In this sense, air valves should be appropriately designed to expel sufficient air to avoid pipeline failure. Recent studies concerning filling maneuvers have been addressed without considering the behavior of air valves. This work shows a mathematical model developed by the authors which is capable of simulating the main hydraulic and thermodynamic variables during filling operations under the effect of the air valve in a single pipeline, which is based on the mass oscillation equation, the air¿water interface, the polytropic equation of the air phase, the air mass equation, and the air valve characterization. The mathematical model is validated in a 7.3-m-long pipeline with a 63-mm nominal diameter. A commercial air valve is positioned in the highest point of the hydraulic installation. Measurements indicate that the mathematical model can be used to simulate this phenomenon by providing good accuracy.This work is supported by Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal (grant number PD/BD/114459/2016).Coronado-Hernández, OE.; Besharat, M.; Fuertes-Miquel, VS.; Ramos, HM. (2019). Effect of a commercial air valve on the rapid filling of a single pipeline: a numerical and experimental analysis. Water. 11(9):1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091814S11311

Transient phenomena during the emptying process of a single pipe with water air interaction

[EN] Emptying pipelines can be critical in many water distribution networks because subatmospheric pressure troughs could cause considerable damage to the system due to the expansion of entrapped air. Researchers have given relatively little attention to emptying processes compared to filling processes. The intricacy of computations of this phenomenon makes it difficult to predict the behaviour during emptying, and there are only a few reliable models in the literature. In this work, a computational model for simulating the transient phenomena in single pipes is proposed, and was validated using experimental results. The proposed model is based on a rigid column to analyse water movement, the air¿water interface, and air pocket equations. Two practical cases were used to validate the model: (1) a single pipe with the upstream end closed, and (2) a single pipe with an air valve installed on the upstream end. The results show how the model accurately predicts the experimental data, including the pressure oscillation patterns and subatmospheric pressure troughs.This study was supported by the Program Fondecyt Regular [Project 1180660] of the Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (Conicyt), Chile, http://data.crossref.org/fundingdata/funder/10.13039/501100002848.Fuertes-Miquel, VS.; Coronado-Hernández, OE.; Iglesias Rey, PL.; Mora Melia, D. (2019). Transient phenomena during the emptying process of a single pipe with water air interaction. Journal of Hydraulic Research. 57(3):318-326. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2018.1492465S318326573Bashiri-Atrabi, H., & Hosoda, T. (2015). The motion of entrapped air cavities in inclined ducts. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 53(6), 814-819. doi:10.1080/00221686.2015.1060272Cabrera, E., Abreu, J., Pérez, R., & Vela, A. (1992). Influence of Liquid Length Variation in Hydraulic Transients. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 118(12), 1639-1650. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1992)118:12(1639)Coronado-Hernández, O. E., Fuertes-Miquel, V. S., Iglesias-Rey, P. L., & Martínez-Solano, F. J. (2018). Rigid Water Column Model for Simulating the Emptying Process in a Pipeline Using Pressurized Air. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 144(4), 06018004. doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0001446Fuertes-Miquel, V. S., López-Jiménez, P. A., Martínez-Solano, F. J., & López-Patiño, G. (2016). Numerical modelling of pipelines with air pockets and air valves. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 43(12), 1052-1061. doi:10.1139/cjce-2016-0209Guinot, V. (2001). The discontinuous profile method for simulating two-phase flow in pipes using the single component approximation. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 37(3), 341-359. doi:10.1002/fld.177Hou, Q., Tijsseling, A. S., Laanearu, J., Annus, I., Koppel, T., Bergant, A., … van ’t Westende, J. M. C. (2014). Experimental Investigation on Rapid Filling of a Large-Scale Pipeline. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 140(11), 04014053. doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000914Izquierdo, J., Fuertes, V. S., Cabrera, E., Iglesias, P. L., & Garcia-Serra, J. (1999). Pipeline start-up with entrapped air. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 37(5), 579-590. doi:10.1080/00221689909498518Laanearu, J., Annus, I., Koppel, T., Bergant, A., Vučković, S., Hou, Q., … van’t Westende, J. M. C. (2012). Emptying of Large-Scale Pipeline by Pressurized Air. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 138(12), 1090-1100. doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000631Leon, A. S., Ghidaoui, M. S., Schmidt, A. R., & Garcia, M. H. (2010). A robust two-equation model for transient-mixed flows. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 48(1), 44-56. doi:10.1080/00221680903565911Liou, C. P., & Hunt, W. A. (1996). Filling of Pipelines with Undulating Elevation Profiles. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 122(10), 534-539. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1996)122:10(534)Liu, D., Zhou, L., Karney, B., Zhang, Q., & Ou, C. (2011). Rigid-plug elastic-water model for transient pipe flow with entrapped air pocket. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 49(6), 799-803. doi:10.1080/00221686.2011.621740Malekpour, A., & Karney, B. (2014). Column separation and rejoinder during rapid pipeline filling induced by a partial flow blockage. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 52(5), 693-704. doi:10.1080/00221686.2014.905502Martins, S. C., Ramos, H. M., & Almeida, A. B. (2015). Conceptual analogy for modelling entrapped air action in hydraulic systems. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 53(5), 678-686. doi:10.1080/00221686.2015.1077353Pozos, O., Gonzalez, C. A., Giesecke, J., Marx, W., & Rodal, E. A. (2010). Air entrapped in gravity pipeline systems. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 48(3), 338-347. doi:10.1080/00221686.2010.481839Tijsseling, A. S., Hou, Q., Bozkuş, Z., & Laanearu, J. (2015). Improved One-Dimensional Models for Rapid Emptying and Filling of Pipelines. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, 138(3). doi:10.1115/1.4031508Wang, K.-H., Shen, Q., & Zhang, B. (2003). Modeling propagation of pressure surges with the formation of an air pocket in pipelines. Computers & Fluids, 32(9), 1179-1194. doi:10.1016/s0045-7930(02)00103-2Wang, H., Zhou, L., Liu, D., Karney, B., Wang, P., Xia, L., … Xu, C. (2016). CFD Approach for Column Separation in Water Pipelines. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 142(10), 04016036. doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0001171Zhou, L., & Liu, D. (2013). Experimental investigation of entrapped air pocket in a partially full water pipe. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 51(4), 469-474. doi:10.1080/00221686.2013.785985Zhou, L., Liu, D., & Karney, B. (2013). Investigation of Hydraulic Transients of Two Entrapped Air Pockets in a Water Pipeline. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 139(9), 949-959. doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000750Zhou, L., Liu, D., Karney, B., & Wang, P. (2013). Phenomenon of White Mist in Pipelines Rapidly Filling with Water with Entrapped Air Pockets. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 139(10), 1041-1051. doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.000076

Are digital twins improving urban-water systems efficiency and sustainable development goals?

The use of these new interaction tool implies the improvement of the awareness of the whole system and it lies in improving the sustainability and efficiency of the water systems with the integration of measurements. The research proposed a methodology, which enables improvement in the accuracy and reliability of data and it increases the performance of water systems. This study proposes a pressure-reduction strategy and the implementation of pumps as turbines (PATs), applicable in Sta Cruz, Madeira water system. The use of the developed digital twin model assures a decrease of 3.3 hm3 in water-demand volume, increasing renewable generation by micro-hydropower up to 1.2 GWh. These actions would result in savings above 1.5 M€, decreasing around 530 tons of CO2 emissions each year. The consideration of these values implies the improvement of different indicators, which allows the evaluation of different targets linked to sustainable development goals (SDGs). A digital twin is a tool, which enables a real-time simulation of the water systems and therefore, the water managers can make a decision in the management of the water system over time. The use of these new interaction tool implies the improvement of the awareness of the whole system and it lies in improving the sustainability and efficiency of the water systems with the integration of measurements. The research proposed a methodology to integrate GIS and water models, being the main goal the integration of social, economic, environmental and technical issues. This integration enables improvement in the accuracy and reliability of data and it increases the performance of water systems. This study proposes a pressure-reduction strategy and the implementation of pumps as turbines (PATs), applicable in Sta Cruz, Madeira water system. The use of the developed digital twin model assures a decrease of 3.3 hm3 in water-demand volume, increasing renewable generation by micro-hydropower up to 1.2 GWh. These actions would result in savings above 1.5 M€, decreasing around 530 tons of CO2 emissions each year. The consideration of these values implies the improvement of different indicators, which allows the evaluation of different targets linked to sustainable development goals (SDGs). © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

Concerning dynamic effects in pipe systems with two-phase flows: pressure surges, cavitation and ventilation

[EN] The risks associated with unsteady two-phase flows in pressurized pipe systems must be considered both in system design and operation. To this end, this paper summarizes experimental tests and numerical analyses that highlight key aspects of unsteady two-phase flows in water pipelines. The essential dynamics of air¿water interactions in unvented lines are first considered, followed by a summary of how system dynamics change when air venting is provided. System behaviour during unsteady two-phase flows is shown to be counter-intuitive, surprising, and complex. The role of air valves as protection devices is considered as is the reasonableness of the usual assumptions regarding air valve behaviour. The paper then numerically clarifies the relevance of cavitation and air valve performance to both the predicted air exchanges through any installed air valves and their role in modifying system behaviour during unsteady flows.This work was supported by Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia [grant number SFRH/BD/39502/2007]. This study was financed in part by the Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior-Brasil (CAPES)-Finance Code 001.Ramos, HM.; Fuertes-Miquel, VS.; Tasca, E.; Coronado-Hernández, OE.; Besharat, M.; Zhou, L.; Karney, B. (2022). Concerning dynamic effects in pipe systems with two-phase flows: pressure surges, cavitation and ventilation. Water. 14(15):1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14152376123141

Rapid Filling Analysis with an Entrapped Air Pocket in Water Pipelines Using a 3D CFD Model

A filling operation generates continuous changes over the shape of an air–water interface, which can be captured using a 3D CFD model. This research analyses the influence of different hydro-pneumatic tank pressures and air pocket sizes as initial conditions for studying rapid filling operations in a 7.6 m long PVC pipeline with an irregular profile, using the OpenFOAM software. The analysed scenarios were validated using experimental measurements, where the 3D CFD model was suitable for simulating them. In addition, a mesh sensitivity analysis was performed. Air pocket pressure patterns, water velocity oscillations, and the different shapes of the air–water interface were analysed