653 research outputs found
Intermediaries and Innovation: Why they emerge and how they facilitate IP transactions on the markets for technology
With this paper we aim to contribute to the discussion about the difficulties that occur when trading technical knowledge and particularly patents. Currently one can observe that markets for technology have been sizable growing, transaction obstacles are still immanent and technology market intermediaries (TMI) emerge that develop new models aiming to facilitate Intellectual Property (IP) transactions. Why TMIs emerge and how they attempt to facilitate IP transactions however is not yet sufficiently understood. We propose theoretical explanations for these two questions building primarily on the contributions of Stigler (1951) and Williamson (1979). We argue that the growing markets for technologies on the one hand and immanent transaction obstacles on the other hand lead to further division of labor and thus foster the emergence of TMIs. Following Williamson (1979) we propose that the new transaction models developed by TMIs attempt to implement more standardized governance structures in order to diminish transaction costs. However it remains to be seen which of the newly developed models (or those to come) will survive and actually deliver more economic transactions. --
Towards advanced Intellectual property management - Events and stages during the development. Evidence from the biotech sector
During recent years the management of Intellectual Property (IP) underwent major changes. IP management systems became increasingly complex nowadays actively handling an integrated mix of intellectual assets rather than just administrating patents or trademarks as single, independently treated assets. Our paper describes and analyses the historic development of IP management in German and Swedish Dedicated Biotechnology Firms (DBFs) with our main focus on the following two issues: (1) Which events trigger the development towards an advanced IP management? (2) Can distinctive stages be identified in the development of IP management systems and if yes, how are they characterised? Our study draws primarily on 12 personal interviews with leading managers from six larger German and Swedish DBFs with rich experience in IP management that were founded between 1984 and 1997. During our study we found that shifts towards an advanced IP management were triggered by single crucial events (e.g. litigation) or an accumulated sum of incremental events, of either internal or external nature. Up to four different stages of IP management were found throughout the development of the case companies, while six criteria were identified that can be applied to characterize an IP management stage. --Intellectual Property Management,Dedicated Biotechnology Firm,Germany,Sweden
What is green Innovation? A quantitative literature review
The importance of green innovation management is growing in practice and academia likewise. To our knowledge, a recent and comprehensive literature review is lacking. In this paper we contribute to a clarification of the concept green innovation and provide an overview of the existing body of literature in the field of green innovations identifying the most active scholars, institutions and relevant publications. We find that the three different notions of green, eco/ecological and environmental innovation are used largely synonymously while the notion of sustainable innovation broadens the concept and includes a social dimension. We find further that the most active scholars are situated in Europe (i.e. Netherlands, Italy and Germany) and identified three innovation management journals leading the field. --Innovation management,green innovations,eco innovations,environmental innovations,sustainable innovations,literature review
Firms' transition towards green product service system innovators
Within this paper we explore transition paths firms can take to become product service system (PSS) innovators. Applying the dynamic capability approach we study how three firms have developed PSS innovations in the mobility sector (Car2Go by Daimler AG, Connect by Hertz by The Hertz Corporation, Better Place). We explore the different paths the firms have taken originating from different capability sets. Based on semi-structured qualitative interviews with project managers of successful PSS innovations we propose a framework that incorporates three major transition paths. We derive propositions for necessary capability sets for different firm types, the sequence of necessary capability sets along the innovation process and discuss different types of environmental gains realized through PSS. --Innovation management,product service system,transition path,sustainability
Physical properties and crystal chemistry of Ce2Ga12Pt
Single crystals of the new ternary compound Ce2Ga12Pt were prepared by the
self-flux technique. The crystal structure with the space group P4/nbm was
established from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data and presents a
derivative of the LaGa6Ni0.6 prototype. Magnetic susceptibility measurements
show Curie-Weiss behaviour due to local Ce^3+ moments. At high temperatures,
the magnetic anisotropy is dominated by the crystal-electric-field (CEF) effect
with the easy axis along the crystallographic c direction. Ce2Ga12Pt undergoes
two antiferromagnetic phase transitions at T_N,1 = 7.3K and T_N,2 = 5.5K and
presents several metamagnetic transitions for the magnetic field along c.
Specific-heat measurements prove the bulk nature of these magnetic transitions
and reveal a doublet CEF ground state. The 4f contribution to the resistivity
shows a broad maximum at T_max ~ 85K due to Kondo scattering off the CEF ground
state and excited levels.Comment: 12 pages, accepted in J. Phys.: Condens. Matte
The Potential Role of Cellular Senescence in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents an increasing global health burden. Cellular senescence develops in response to cellular injury, leading not only to cell cycle arrest but also to alterations of the cellular phenotype and metabolic functions. In this review, we critically discuss the currently existing evidence for the involvement of cellular senescence in NAFLD in order to identify areas requiring further exploration. Hepatocyte senescence can be a central pathomechanism as it may foster intracellular fat accumulation, fibrosis and inflammation, also due to secretion of senescence-associated inflammatory mediators. However, in some non-parenchymal liver cell types, such as hepatic stellate cells, senescence may be beneficial by reducing the extracellular matrix deposition and thereby reducing fibrosis. Deciphering the detailed interaction between NAFLD and cellular senescence will be essential to discover novel therapeutic targets halting disease progression
Magnetization study of the energy scales in YbRhSi under chemical pressure
We present a systematic study of the magnetization in YbRhSi
under slightly negative (6?% Ir substitution) and positive (7% Co substitution)
chemical pressure. We show how the critical field , associated with the
high-field Lifshitz transitions, is shifted to lower (higher) values with Co
(Ir) substitution. The critical field , which identifies the
boundary line of the antiferromagnetic (AFM) phase
increases with positive pressure and it approaches zero with 6% Ir
substitution. On the other side, the crossover field , associated with
the energy scale where a reconstruction of the Fermi surface has
been observed, is not much influenced by the chemical substitution.}{Following
the analysis proposed in
Refs.\,\cite{Paschen2004,Gegenwart2007,Friedemann2009,Tokiwa2009a} we have
fitted the quantity with a crossover function to
indentify . The line follows an almost linear -dependence
at sufficiently high fields outside the AFM phase, but it deviates from
linearity at and in
Yb(RhCo)Si it changes slope clearly inside the
AFM phase. Moreover, the FWHM of the fit function depends linearly on
temperature outside the phase, but remains constant inside, suggesting either
that such an analysis is valid only for or that the
Fermi surface changes continuously at inside the AFM phase.}}Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure
Perspectives on Student Loan Debt Levels: Student Loan Debt Levels and Their Implications for Borrowers, Society, and the Economy
Upward mobility is a prized aspect of the American dream based upon the belief that those from humble origins can climb the socioeconomic ladder through education and hard work. Increasingly, postsecondary education is an essential component of that dream
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