Quantum nucleodynamics (QND) : the theory underlying the lattice simulation of LENR transmutations

Abstract only.In the first half of the 20th century, a quantitative explanation of atomic structure (quantum electrodynamics, (QED), was created based on the known Coulomb force and a wave-equation, where integral quantum numbers are used to define allpossible electron states (Eq. 1): [psi]n,l,m = R n,l (r) Ym,l ([phi],[phi]) The energy states of electrons are given by unique combinations of n=1, 2, ...; l=0, 1, ..., n-1; ml = -l, ..., -1, 0, 1, ..., l; and ms = [plus or minus]1/2. The sequence and occupancy of allowed states can be stated as the Periodic Table and the energy of electron transitions can be calculated precisely in QED. In the second half of the 20th century, a nuclear version of the wave-equation (Eq. 2) led directly to the nuclear independent-particle model (IPM), where all possible nucleon states were defined by (Eq. 2): [psi]n,j (l+s),m,i = R n,j (l+s),i (r) Ym,j (l+s),i ([phi],[phi]) While many questions concerning the strong nuclear force remain unanswered, the quantal states of nucleons are given by: n=0, 1, 2, 3, ...; l = 0, 1, ..., (2n)/2; j =1/2, 3/2, ..., (2n+1)/2; m = -j, ..., -3/2, -1/2, 1/2, 3/2, ..., j ; spin (s) = [plus or minus]1/2; and isospin (i) =[plus or minus]1. The sequence and occupancy of allowed nucleon states in the IPM corresponds extremely well with empirical data

The magnetic force acting between nucleons

If a nuclear lattice is indeed a better representation of nuclear structure than the gas-like IPM, then the fictitious, long-range, mean-field approach to the nuclear force is of course an unnecessary approximation of nucleon-nucleon interactions. Given the known dimensions of nuclei and nucleons, the known dimensions of the nuclear force and the known magnetic dipole properties of both protons and neutrons, it is sensible to ask what the short-range magnetic effects between nucleons might be

Simulation of the nuclear transmutation effects in LENR

LENR phenomena begin with a still poorly-understood entrance of a fermion/boson into the nuclear interior. One such mechanism - the thermal neutron-induced fission of uranium - was discovered in 1938 and subsequently revolutionized global military conflict and international politics [1]. Modern research indicates the reality of multiple LENR mechanisms in small and medium-sized nuclei [2], promising another revolution in energy production. Conceptually, LENR implies an expansion of the "central dogma" of the dynamics of atomic systems, ca. 1932, to a dogma that includes a mechanism of nuclear excitation by particles that enter the nucleus through the atom's own electromagnetic periphery [3]. While the production of radiation-free heat is the focus of most technological developments in LENR, the unambiguous demonstration of specifically nuclear effects remains an essential step for the acceptance of LENR into mainstream physics. For this reason, we have concentrated on the theoretical explanation/simulation of the nuclear transmutation effects reported in the LENR literature [2, 4]. In chronological order, we have previously simulated: (i) the asymmetrical fission fragments produced by the thermal fission of uranium and plutonium [5], (ii) the LENR transmutation products detected on palladium cathodes [3], and (iii) the recently-reported [6], anomalous asymmetrical fragments from the spontaneous fission of 180Hg [7] (for which both the shell model and the liquid-drop model predict symmetrical fragments[6]). In the present study, we have undertaken simulations of the "anomalous" products that have been measured in "piezonuclear fission" experiments on non-radioactive rocks, such as granite and marble, e.g., [8]. The experimental data on isotopes and neutron radiation have been reported by Carpinteri and colleagues in 12 publications in refereed physics journals (2009~2012) and the lattice model and simulation technique have been reported by Cook and colleagues in 30 publications in refereed physics journals (1976~2011). In brief, the essential theoretical argument is that the complexities of nuclear structure theory can be succinctly summarized within a specific nucleon lattice, which can then be used to make predictions concerning nuclear structure and nuclear reactions, i.e., a quantitative theory of the nucleus, quantum nucleodynamics [9]. With regard to piezonuclear fission, the lattice structure for 56Fe necessarily contains a set of lattice planes along which fracture can occur. By calculating the binding energy along each lattice plane, the probability of producing various fission fragments can be determined. The dominant products from the fission of 56Fe were symmetrical: 24Mg, 27Al and 28Si. A full report of the simulation will appear in [10]

The Early Stages of Deposition of Magnetite Particles onto Alloy-800 Heat Exchange Surfaces under Subcooled Boiling Conditions

The data collected during experiments in water loops on the fouling of heat exchange surfaces with magnetite particles often display a dip in the deposit accumulation curve at about 10 – 20 hours into the experiment. Generally the dips are small enough to be considered part of the scatter and may not even be discernible in long runs with considerable amounts of deposit. We have examined this phenomenon in a series of short experiments lasting up to a maximum of 40 hours. The test section of the recirculating water loop used for the study contained a heat exchanger tube of Alloy-800. Synthetic magnetite colloids were suspended in the coolant, which was usually maintained at 60°C or 90°C, and their deposition onto the tube was monitored for different conditions of pH, flow rate and heat flux. For a pH where deposition should be dominated by transport processes, deposition curves all displayed a “knee” at about 5 – 10 hours, regardless of whether the tube was heated or not. The curve shape can be explained in terms of a layered growth of the deposit, the first layer conditioning the surface for the growth of subsequent layers. First-order phenomenological coefficients in a simple model reproduce the curves quite well

Are Measured Differences Between the Formants of Men, Women and Children Due to F0 Differences?

Formant measurements show sex and age differences in the formant patterns of a single vowel category. Comparisons of the formant frequency values of men, women and children indicate low, middle and high values, respectively (Chiba & Kajiyama 1941, Potter & Steinberg 1950, Peterson & Barney 1952). The differences are found for all vowel categories, and they have generally been interpreted as a consequence of different vocal tract siz

64-slice computed tomography angiography in the diagnosis and assessment of coronary artery disease : systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective To assess whether 64-slice computed tomography (CT) angiography might replace some coronary angiography (CA) for diagnosis and assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods We searched electronic databases, conference proceedings and scanned reference lists of included studies. Eligible studies compared 64-slice CT with a reference standard of CA in adults with suspected/known CAD, reporting sensitivity and specificity or true and false positives and negatives. Data were pooled using the hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic model. Results Forty studies were included; 28 provided sufficient data for inclusion in the meta-analyses, all using a cutoff of ≥ 50% stenosis to define significant CAD. In patient-based detection (n=1286) 64-slice CT pooled sensitivity was 99% (95% credible interval (CrI) 97 to 99%), specificity 89% (95% CrI 83 to 94%), median positive predictive value (PPV) across studies 93% (range 64 to 100%) and negative predictive value (NPV) 100% (range 86 to 100%). In segment-based detection (n=14,199) 64-slice CT pooled sensitivity was 90% (95% CrI 85 to 94%), specificity 97% (95% CrI 95 to 98%), median positive predictive value (PPV) across studies 76% (range 44 to 93%) and negative predictive value (NPV) 99% (range 95 to 100%). Conclusions 64-slice CT is highly sensitive for patient-based detection of CAD and has high NPV. An ability to rule out significant CAD means that it may have a role in the assessment of chest pain, particularly when the diagnosis remains uncertain despite clinical evaluation and simple non-invasive testing.UK National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme (project number 06/15/01). The Health Services Research Unit is core funded by the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health Directorates.Peer reviewedAuthor versio

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