Dispersion of the solar magnetic flux in undisturbed photosphere as derived from SDO/HMI data

To explore the magnetic flux dispersion in the undisturbed solar photosphere, magnetograms acquired by Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) onboard the Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO) were utilized. Two areas, a coronal hole area (CH) and an area of super-granulation pattern, SG, were analyzed. We explored the displacement and separation spectra and the behavior of the turbulent diffusion coefficient, $K$. The displacement and separation spectra are very similar to each other. Small magnetic elements (of size 3-100 squared pixels and the detection threshold of 20 Mx sm$^{-2}$) in both CH and SG areas disperse in the same way and they are more mobile than the large elements (of size 20-400 squared pixels and the detection threshold of 130 Mx sm$^{-2}$). The regime of super-diffusivity is found for small elements ($\gamma \approx 1.3$ and $K$ growing from $\sim$100 to $\sim$ 300 km$^2$ s$^{-1}$). Large elements in the CH area are scanty and show super-diffusion with $\gamma \approx 1.2$ and $K$ = (62-96) km$^2$ s$^{-1}$ on rather narrow range of 500-2200 km. Large elements in the SG area demonstrate two ranges of linearity and two diffusivity regimes: sub-diffusivity on scales (900-2500) km with $\gamma=0.88$ and $K$ decreasing from $\sim$130 to $\sim$100 km$^2$ s$^{-1}$, and super-diffusivity on scales (2500-4800) km with $\gamma \approx 1.3$ and $K$ growing from $\sim$140 to $\sim$200 km$^2$ s$^{-1}$. Comparison of our results with the previously published shows that there is a tendency of saturation of the diffusion coefficient on large scales, i.e., the turbulent regime of super-diffusivity is gradually replaced by normal diffusion.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figure

Acknowledgement of manuscript reviewers 2015

The editors of Tobacco Induced Diseases would like to thank all our reviewers who have contributed to the journal in Volume 13 (2015)

Highly catalytically active CeO2-x-based heterojunction nanostructures with mixed micro/meso-porous architectures

Achieving high densities of accessible active sites in catalysts, which depend principally on the architecture of nanostructures, is critical to obtain enhanced performance. The present work introduces a template-free, high-yield, and flexible approach to fabricate 3D, mesoporous, CeO2-x nanostructures in centimeter-scale that are comprised of extremely thin holey 2D nanosheets. The method involves conversion of a stacked, 2D, Ce-based coordination polymer by controlling the removal kinetics of organic species. The resultant polycrystalline 2D-3D CeO2-x exhibits a large density of defects as well as outstanding surface areas of 251 m2 g-1. This mesoporous nanomaterial yields superior CO conversion performance (T90% = 148°C). Further improvements in catalysis were attained by synthesis CeO2-x -based transition metal oxides (TMOs) hetero-nanostructures, for which structural analyses and first principles simulations revealed active sites associated with the TMOs. This versatile fabrication technique delivers new pathways to engineer nanostructures and advance their functionalities for catalysis.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Distance-dependent defensive coloration in the poison frog <i>Dendrobates tinctorius</i>, Dendrobatidae

Significance Poison dart frogs are well known for their deadly toxins and bright colors; they are a classic example of warning coloration. However, conspicuousness is not the only consideration; defensive coloration must be effective against a diverse predator community with a variety of different visual systems, and variable knowledge of prey defenses and motivation to attack. We found that the bright colors of Dendrobates tinctorius are highly salient at close-range but blend together to match the background when viewed from a distance. D. tinctorius combines aposematism and camouflage without necessarily compromising the efficacy of either strategy, producing bright colors while reducing encounters with predators. These data highlight the importance of incorporating viewing distance and pattern distribution into studies of signal design. </jats:p

Extra‐nigral pathological conditions are common in Parkinson's disease with freezing of gait: An in vivo positron emission tomography study

Cholinergic denervation has been associated with falls and slower gait speed and β‐amyloid deposition with greater severity of axial motor impairments in Parkinson disease (PD). However, little is known about the association between the presence of extra‐nigral pathological conditions and freezing of gait (FoG). Patients with PD (n = 143; age, 65.5 ± 7.4 years, Hoehn and Yahr stage, 2.4 ± 0.6; Montreal Cognitive Assessment score, 25.9 ± 2.6) underwent [ 11 C]methyl‐4‐piperidinyl propionate acetylcholinesterase and [ 11 C]dihydrotetrabenazine dopaminergic PET imaging, and clinical, including FoG, assessment in the dopaminergic “off” state. A subset of subjects (n = 61) underwent [ 11 C]Pittsburgh compound‐B β‐amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Normative data were used to dichotomize abnormal β‐amyloid uptake or cholinergic deficits. Freezing of gait was present in 20 patients (14.0%). Freezers had longer duration of disease ( P  = 0.009), more severe motor disease ( P  < 0.0001), and lower striatal dopaminergic activity ( P  = 0.013) compared with non‐freezers. Freezing of gait was more common in patients with diminished neocortical cholinergic innervation (23.9%, χ 2  = 5.56, P  = 0.018), but not in the thalamic cholinergic denervation group (17.4%, χ 2  = 0.26, P  = 0.61). Subgroup analysis showed higher frequency of FoG with increased neocortical β‐amyloid deposition (30.4%, Fisher Exact test: P  = 0.032). Frequency of FoG was lowest with absence of both pathological conditions (4.8%), intermediate in subjects with single extra‐nigral pathological condition (14.3%), and highest with combined neocortical cholinopathy and amyloidopathy (41.7%; Cochran‐Armitage trend test, Z  = 2.63, P  = 0.015). Within the group of freezers, 90% had at least one of the two extra‐nigral pathological conditions studied. Extra‐nigral pathological conditions, in particular the combined presence of cortical cholinopathy and amyloidopathy, are common in PD with FoG and may contribute to its pathophysiology. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder SocietyPeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/108363/1/mds25929.pd

In-flight positional and energy use data set of a DJI Matrice 100 quadcopter for small package delivery

We autonomously direct a small quadcopter package delivery Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle (UAV) or "drone" to take off, fly a specified route, and land for a total of 209 flights while varying a set of operational parameters. The vehicle was equipped with onboard sensors, including GPS, IMU, voltage and current sensors, and an ultrasonic anemometer, to collect high-resolution data on the inertial states, wind speed, and power consumption. Operational parameters, such as commanded ground speed, payload, and cruise altitude, are varied for each flight. This large data set has a total flight time of 10 hours and 45 minutes and was collected from April to October of 2019 covering a total distance of approximately 65 kilometers. The data collected were validated by comparing flights with similar operational parameters. We believe these data will be of great interest to the research and industrial communities, who can use the data to improve UAV designs, safety, and energy efficiency, as well as advance the physical understanding of in-flight operations for package delivery drones.Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures, submitted to Scientific Dat

Routine invasive strategies versus selective invasive strategies for unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction in the stent era (Review)

Background: People with unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (UA/NSTEMI) are managed with a combination of medical therapy, invasive angiography and revascularisation. Specifically, two approaches have evolved: either a 'routine invasive' strategy whereby all patients undergo coronary angiography shortly after admission and, if indicated, coronary revascularisation; or a 'selective invasive' (also referred to as 'conservative') strategy in which medical therapy alone is used initially, with a selection of patients for angiography based upon evidence of persistent myocardial ischaemia. Uncertainty exists as to which strategy provides the best outcomes for these patients. This Cochrane review is an update of a Cochrane review originally published in 2006, to provide a robust comparison of these two strategies in the early management of patients with UA/NSTEMI. Objectives: To determine the benefits and harms associated with the following.1. A routine invasive versus a conservative or 'selective invasive' strategy for the management of UA/NSTEMI in the stent era.2. A routine invasive strategy with and without glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists versus a conservative strategy for the management of UA/NSTEMI in the stent era. Search methods: We searched the following databases and additional resources up to 25 August 2015: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) on the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE and EMBASE, with no language restrictions. Selection criteria: We included prospective randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared invasive with conservative or 'selective invasive' strategies in participants with acute UA/NSTEMI. Data collection and analysis: Two review authors screened the records and extracted data in duplicate. Using intention-to-treat analysis with random-effects models, we calculated summary estimates of the risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the primary endpoints of all-cause death, fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), combined all-cause death or non-fatal MI, refractory angina and re-hospitalisation. We performed further analysis of included studies based on whether glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists were used routinely. We assessed the heterogeneity of included trials using Pearson χ2 (Chi2 test) and variance (I2 statistic) analysis. Using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, we assessed the quality of the evidence and the GRADE profiler (GRADEPRO) was used to import data from Review Manager 5.3 (Review Manager) to create Summary of findings (SoF) tables. Main results: Eight RCTs with a total of 8915 participants (4545 invasive strategies, 4370 conservative strategies) were eligible for inclusion. We included three new studies and 1099 additional participants in this review update. In the all-study analysis, evidence did not show appreciable risk reductions in all-cause mortality (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.18; eight studies, 8915 participants; low quality evidence) and death or non-fatal MI (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.2; seven studies, 7715 participants; low quality evidence) with invasive strategies compared to conservative (selective invasive) strategies at six to 12 months follow-up. There was appreciable risk reduction in MI (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.00; eight studies, 8915 participants; moderate quality evidence), refractory angina (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.79; five studies, 8287 participants; moderate quality evidence) and re-hospitalisation (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.94; six studies, 6921 participants; moderate quality evidence) with routine invasive strategies compared to conservative (selective invasive) strategies also at six to 12 months follow-up. Evidence also showed increased risks in bleeding (RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.30 to 2.31; six studies, 7584 participants; moderate quality evidence) and procedure-related MI (RR 1.87, 95% CI 1.47 to 2.37; five studies, 6380 participants; moderate quality evidence) with routine invasive strategies compared to conservative (selective invasive) strategies. The low quality evidence were as a result of serious risk of bias and imprecision in the estimate of effect while moderate quality evidence was only due to serious risk of bias. Authors' conclusions: In the all-study analysis, the evidence failed to show appreciable benefit with routine invasive strategies for unstable angina and non-ST elevation MI compared to conservative strategies in all-cause mortality and death or non-fatal MI at six to 12 months. There was evidence of risk reduction in MI, refractory angina and re-hospitalisation with routine invasive strategies compared to conservative (selective invasive) strategies at six to 12 months follow-up. However, routine invasive strategies were associated with a relatively high risk (almost double the risk) of procedure-related MI, and increased risk of bleeding complications. This systematic analysis of published RCTs supports the conclusion that, in patients with UA/NSTEMI, a selectively invasive (conservative) strategy based on clinical risk for recurrent events is the preferred management strategy

Effectiveness of Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease

BACKGROUND Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic drugs are widely used to treat psychosis, aggression, and agitation in patients with Alzheimer's disease, but their benefits are uncertain and concerns about safety have emerged. We assessed the effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in outpatients with Alzheimer's disease. METHODS In this 42-site, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 421 outpatients with Alzheimer's disease and psychosis, aggression, or agitation were randomly assigned to receive olanzapine (mean dose, 5.5 mg per day), quetiapine (mean dose, 56.5 mg per day), risperidone (mean dose, 1.0 mg per day), or placebo. Doses were adjusted as needed, and patients were followed for up to 36 weeks. The main outcomes were the time from initial treatment to the discontinuation of treatment for any reason and the number of patients with at least minimal improvement on the Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC) scale at 12 weeks. RESULTS There were no significant differences among treatments with regard to the time to the discontinuation of treatment for any reason: olanzapine (median, 8.1 weeks), quetiapine (median, 5.3 weeks), risperidone (median, 7.4 weeks), and placebo (median, 8.0 weeks) (P=0.52). The median time to the discontinuation of treatment due to a lack of efficacy favored olanzapine (22.1 weeks) and risperidone (26.7 weeks) as compared with quetiapine (9.1 weeks) and placebo (9.0 weeks) (P=0.002). The time to the discontinuation of treatment due to adverse events or intolerability favored placebo. Overall, 24% of patients who received olanzapine, 16% of patients who received quetiapine, 18% of patients who received risperidone, and 5% of patients who received placebo discontinued their assigned treatment owing to intolerability (P=0.009). No significant differences were noted among the groups with regard to improvement on the CGIC scale. Improvement was observed in 32% of patients assigned to olanzapine, 26% of patients assigned to quetiapine, 29% of patients assigned to risperidone, and 21% of patients assigned to placebo (P=0.22). CONCLUSIONS Adverse effects offset advantages in the efficacy of atypical antipsychotic drugs for the treatment of psychosis, aggression, or agitation in patients with Alzheimer's disease

Evidence for centripetally shifting terminals on the tectum of postmetamorphic Rana pipiens

In larval frogs the retina and tectum grow in topologically dissimilar patterns: new cells are added as peripheral annuli in the retina and as caudal crescents in the tectum. Retinotopy is maintained by the continual caudalward shifting of the terminals of the optic axons. After metamorphosis the pattern of growth changes. The retina continues to add new ganglion cells peripherally, but there is no neurogenesis in the tectum. To maintain retinotopy in postmetamorphic frogs, the terminals of the optic axons must continually shift toward the central tectum. We tested the proposal of centripetally shifting axons by making punctate injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the tectum of adult Rana pipiens and observing the patterns of filled cells in the contralateral retina, as was done in the goldfish (Easter and Stuermer, '84). Punctate applications of HRP in the tectum should be taken up: (1) by fascicles, and label a partial anulus of cells, (2) by terminals, and label a cluster of cells in the corresponding retinotopic site, and (3) by the extrafascicular axonal segments, and label a band of cells connecting the partial annulus to the cluster. If the terminals have shifted centripetally, the band of cells labeled through their extrafascicular segments should have a spoke-like orientation, with the center of the retina as the hub. As the tectal site moves from rostral to caudal, this band of cells should move, pendulum-like, from temporal to nasal retina. In general, the patterns of HRP-filled retinal cells we observed were consistent with our predictions. In addition, HRP taken up by the oldest (rostral) tectal axons produced more complex patterns of filled cells that indicated that these axons had shifted both caudally before metamorphosis and centripetally after.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/50038/1/902660408_ftp.pd

The Lantern Vol. 46, No. 1, December 1979

• Visions in Chains • The Bean • Who Can We Watch Tonite? • Night Glider • The Hurricane • Crisp New Paper • Compassion • Loneliness • 301 • Ode to Man • Unsteady Hands • The Beachcomber • The Pounce • Graveyard Shift • Houston Refineries • Haiku • The End of the Game • A Rose • Ode to a Ziffle • To Carson McCullers • In the May Month • Ghostly Chanting • Travel Excerpts • Face in the Crowd • Waiting in an Airport • A Taste of Winter\u27s Embracehttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/lantern/1115/thumbnail.jp