Mejora de la productividad del agua y calidad de la cosecha en uva de mesa cv. ‘Crimson Seedless’

Mención Europeo / Mención Internacional: Concedido[SPA] La investigación de la tesis doctoral en curso se ocupa de la evaluación de la respuestas agronómicas y fisiológicas de madura la uva de mesa madura cv. 'Carmesí Seedless 'a secado parcial de la zona raíz (PRD) y el riego deficitario controlado (RDC) con respecto a otros tratamientos de riego que recibieron diferentes cantidades de agua aplicada. Con este fin, se establecieron cuatro tratamientos de riego: (i) Control, que recibe el 110% de la evapotranspiración del cultivo estándar, ETC, a lo largo toda la estación de crecimiento, siguiendo los criterios de la granja comercial; (ii) RDI tratamiento, regadío similar a los niveles de control durante la pre-envero y en el 50% de la misma durante post pinta (considerado el período no crítico); (iii) PRD tratamiento, regado de una manera similar a la IDI pero alternando (cada 10-14 días) las partes secas y húmedas de la zona radicular, dependiendo de déficit de agua con respecto a capacidad de campo; y (iv) un tratamiento de riego null (NI), que sólo recibió la precipitación natural y riego suplementario ocasional cuando el mediodía el potencial hídrico del tallo (ψs) superó -1.2 MPa. Para establecer ecuaciones de referencia Se utilizó otro tratamiento de riego completo (110-115% ETc). Además, el resultados se extrapolaron a un experimento en macetas con el fin de determinar la el comportamiento fisiológico de este cultivar, bajo condiciones controladas en una invernadero.[ENG] The research of the current PhD Thesis deals with the evaluation of the agronomic and physiological responses of mature table grapes cv. ‘Crimson Seedless’ to partial root-zone drying (PRD) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) with respect to other irrigation treatments that received different amounts of water applied. To this end, four irrigation treatments were established: (i) Control, receiving 110 % of crop standard evapotranspiration, ETC, throughout the whole growing season following the criteria by the commercial farm; (ii) RDI treatment, irrigated similar to Control levels during pre-veraison and at 50% of the same during post-veraison (considered the non-critical period); (iii) PRD treatment, irrigated in a similar way to RDI but alternating (every 10-14 days) the dry and wet sides of the root-zone, depending on water deficit with respect to field capacity; and (iv) a null irrigation treatment (NI) which only received natural precipitation and occasional supplementary irrigation when the midday stem water potential (ψs) exceeded -1.2 MPa. To establish reference equations another full irrigation treatment (110-115% ETc) was used. Furthermore, the results were extrapolated to a pot experiment in order to determine the physiological behavior of this cultivar, under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. Chapter I analysed the yield response and chemical quality to long-term deficit irrigation (DI) strategies. No significant differences were found between PRD and RDI with respect to well-watered vines irrigated according to ETc, thus the application of a greater amount of water was not essential for plant behavior and berry development in ‘Crimson Seedless’ table grapes. Both PRD and RDI treatments supposed a water saving of 35% without compromising total yield and its components. Only NI (which received 72% less water than Control) led to a reduction in yield and the weight of clusters/berries compared with the other irrigated counterparts. Water use efficiency was also increased in all DI treatments as many water restrictions were assessed. Regarding chemical berry quality, all deficit irrigation treatments increased berry coloration (evaluated subjectively and objectively) which is considered the main issue of this variety for its marketability. Despite the fact that RDI and PRD received the same amount of annual water applied, PRD induced a greater accumulation of skin anthocyanins, resveratrol and antioxidant capacity. Although PRD did not show significant changes in yield response with respect to RDI, the fact that PRD increased the main bioactive compounds analysed that are beneficial to health, underlined the feasibility of the implementation of this strategy by growers. Chapter II focused on the long-term impact of DI strategies on physical berry quality, with particular attention to the berry firmness, since it is one of the most important characteristics in order to be marketed and for consumer acceptance. Moreover, the storage performance to ascertain the potential shelf-life of this cultivar was reported. RDI and PRD did not noticeably affect physical berry quality after cold storage while the subsequent shelf-life period tended to minimise the difference found at harvest or at the end of cold storage. Furthermore, NI treatment showed the worst sensory scores post-harvest and the most dehydrated clusters and lower berry size. In fact, sensory results were similar in RDI and PRD, which provided grapes that were more acceptable to consumers than well-irrigated vines, mainly due to lower stem browning and higher berry coloration. Remarkably, PRD registered the highest berry shattering, which was correlated with the lower concentration of ABAxylem induced by the grower’s strategy. Thus, the results obtained in Chapters I and II indicate that it is possible to decrease irrigation by applying RDI and PRD to ‘Crimson Seedless’ table grapes without adversely affecting yield and the physicochemical berry quality. The physiological response and vegetative growth to DI strategies were described in Chapter III. The analysis of the physiological fluxes (net CO2 assimilation, ACO2 and transpiration rate, E) and their characteristic attributes (stomatal conductance, gs) determined at leaf scale, under saturating-light conditions, showed a water stress response in accordance to the water stress severity imposed, regardless of irrigation strategy. Comparing post-veraison strategies, PRD induced higher plant and soil water deficit levels than RDI. Nevertheless, PRD neither significantly reduced gs nor increased ABAxylem against expectations. These results suggest a greater root development and root density from PRD with respect to RDI for water uptake. As expected, vegetative parameters were adversely affected by the severe deficit reached in NI, while the leaf area index was also modified by PRD. Principal components analysis (PCA) results showed that inter-annual differences detected between irrigation treatments were higher than those observed between phenological periods, especially when RDI and PRD were compared. Furthermore, maximum daily shrinkage (MDS) was the best plant-water status indicator to ascertain irrigation differences before veraison, whereas other conventional plant water status indicators (such as water potential and transpiration rate, E) might be considered for irrigation scheduling during post-veraison. Different reference lines appeared in Chapter IV from plant water status indicators such as MDS and ψs indicators were obtained during pre and post-veraison periods, respectively, for irrigation scheduling in well-irrigated table grapes cv. ‘Crimson Seedless’. In this sense, MDS and ψs showed better adjustment with mean temperature (Tm) during pre-veraison, while after veraison reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) and vapour pressure deficit can also be used. The correlation coefficients in MDS decrease during post-veraison due to changes of stem transpiration, the presence of sugar-demanding sinks and the accumulated ABAxylem. Besides this, under commercial conditions, water savings with respect to conventional scheduling based on ETc were achieved when the irrigation scheduling was done using SIMDS around unity (in pre-veraison) and maintaining ψs as a threshold value in well-watered vines (in post-veraison). Moreover, in this Chapter we also observed that some standard cultural practices such as girdling and the collocation of hail mesh to prevent torrential rainfalls might also modify vine water status. From a physiological point of view, the results obtained were extrapolated to a pot experiment in Chapter V. Table grapes showed a substantial loss of photosynthetic capacity as the season progressed both growing in the field (as shown in Chapter III) and in a pot experiment (Chapter V). Crimson Seedless displayed different responses to DI strategies, depending on the diurnal course. At predawn (t1) and early morning (t2), the cultivar showed near-anisohydric behavior, through a less effective stomatal control of drought, whereas at midday (t3), the behavior was near-isohydric. In addition to this, water stress conditions induce avoidance mechanisms to drought, such as stomatal closure, partial defoliation and a reduction in leaf insertion angle. Analysis of the vegetative response does not indicate that PRD vines respond differently, or present a clear distinct adaptive mechanism to water stress with respect to RDI vines. In fact, pruning dry weight was only affected by severe water deficit (NI).Universidad Politécnica de CartagenaPrograma Oficial de Doctorado en Técnicas Avanzadas en Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentari

Efecto del manejo del riego sobre la producción y calidad postcosecha de nectarina

En este trabajo se evalúan los efectos de diferentes condiciones de manejo del riego sobre la producción, calidad y conservación de nectarina extratemprana. Se aplicaron 3 tratamientos: dos con programación del riego en base a 100% ETc, con un lateral de riego (T-Simple) y dos laterales (T-Doble), y programación del riego automática (T-Automático) en base a sensores de agua en el suelo. A pesar de la doble superficie de suelo humectada en T-Doble se observó un déficit ligero durante la postcosecha (disminución de potencial hídrico de tallo a mediodía (Ψt,md) de 0,15 MPa respecto a T-Simple), que no afectó de forma significativa a la producción y calidad de la nectarina. La programación automática en base a sensores generó un déficit moderado, con diferencias de Ψt,md de 0,25 MPa respecto a TSimple durante la postcosecha. T-Automático supuso un ahorro de agua del 35%, sin afectar a los parámetros de producción (salvo un aumento del contenido en sólidos solubles totales, SST) y mejorando la eficiencia del uso del agua, EUA (32% > T-Simple). Durante el periodo de conservación (10 días a 0 ºC + 5 días a 15 ºC), las nectarinas del T-Automático mostraron los valores más altos de SST y del índice de madurez, mientras que las del TDoble mostraron los valores más altos de luminosidad (L). Los frutos de todos los tratamientos se evaluaron sensorialmente como aptos para la comercialización, no obstante, los del T-Automático fueron los mejor clasificados por el consumidor.El trabajo se ha financiado con los proyectos AGL2016-77282-C03-1R y PID2019-106226RB-C2-1 ( y 19903/GERM/15 (Fundación Séneca, Región de Murcia). M.R. Conesa agradece la ayuda posdoctoral disfrutada del programa Juan de la Cierva (FJCI-2017-32045)

Contracción temprana de diámetro del tronco. Un nuevo indicador altamente sensible al estrés hídrico en nectarinos extratempranos

Se evaluó la sensibilidad al estrés hídrico de diferentes indicadores de estado hídrico de la planta durante dos años consecutivos en nectarinos extratempranos. Las medidas se realizaron durante la poscosecha y se aplicaron dos tratamientos de riego: i) control (CTL), regado al 120% de la evapotranspiración de cultivo a fin de lograr condiciones no limitantes de agua en el suelo; ii) Tratamiento deficitario (DI), que recibió en torno a un 40 % menos de riego durante la poscosecha. Los indicadores de estado hídrico evaluados fueron: potencial hídrico de tallo al mediodía (stem) y parámetros derivados de las fluctuaciones de diámetro de tronco (FDT): máxima contracción diaria (MDS), contracción temprana entre las 9 y las 12 hora solar (EDS), y contracción tardía (LDS) entre las 12 hora solar hasta el mínimo diámetro de tronco. El indicador más sensible (relación de la intensidad de señal y el ruido) fue stem junto con EDS. La intensidad de señal de EDS fue mayor que la de stem, aunque con mayor variabilidad. EDS fue mejor indicador que MDS, con alta IS y similar variabilidad. La relación de MDS con stem fue curvilínea con un máximo en ‐1.5 MPa. En cambio, EDS se relacionaba linealmente con stem.. Son necesarios otros estudios para determinar la sensibilidad al déficit hídrico de EDS en otras especies.Este trabajo ha sido subvencionado por el ministerio español de ciencia e innovación (AGL2010‐19201‐C04‐04), por el proyecto europeo SIRRIMED (FP7‐KBBE‐2009‐3‐245159) y por la Región de Murcia (08845/PI/08)

Long-term impact of deficit irrigation on the physical quality of berries in ‘Crimson Seedless’ table grapes

A 3-year study examined the effects of DI strategies on some physical quality attributes of ‘Crimson Seedless’ table grape following harvest, after 28 days of cold storage at 0ºC and after an additional shelf life period of 3 d at 15ºC. Control vines were irrigated to ensure non-limiting water conditions (110% of crop evapotranspiration, ETc), whereas RDI and PRD treatments received 35% less water during post-veraison. The null irrigation treatment (NI) only received natural precipitation (72 % less water than the Control). Total yield and physical quality at harvest were not significantly affected by RDI or PRD. Only the NI treatment, with the worst sensory scores, decreased berry size. After cold storage, increased berry shattering within the PRD treatment was correlated with the lower ABA at the time of harvest. Neither RDI nor PRD had a significant effect on berry quality at the end of cold storage and retail period. Sensory results were similar in RDI and PRD, both providing grapes more acceptable to consumers than the control. Thus, it is possible to decrease irrigation amount by ~30 % of table grapes without adversely affecting berry physical quality.This work was supported by the projects (AGL2010-19201-C04-04) and (FP7-KBBE-2009-3-245159). M.R. Conesa acknowledges her FPU fellowship of the MICINN

A new approach to ascertain the sensitivity to water stress of different plant water indicators

[SPA] Se evaluó la sensibilidad al déficit hídrico de diferentes indicadores de estado hídrico del cultivo durante la poscosecha tardía de nectarinos extra-tempranos, en una finca comercial en la que se dispusieron dos tratamientos de riego: (i) Un control (TCTL), regado al 120 % de la evapotranspiración potencial de cultivo a fin de evitar condiciones limitantes de agua en el suelo y (II) un tratamiento de déficit hídrico (TD), regado al 50 % de TC. Los indicadores estudiados fueron: máxima contracción de tronco (MCD); tasa de crecimiento diario de tronco (TCD), potencial hídrico de tallo al mediodía (ΨT); conductancia estomática foliar (Gs); y fotosíntesis neta (Pn). Los mayores valores de intensidades de señal (SI) –ratio de los valores de TD y TCTL- se alcanzaron en TCD, Gs y Pn (2.6, 3, y 2.9, respectivamente), los valores de sensibilidad (S) –calculados como el ratio IS entre coeficiente de variación de las medidas (IS·CV-1)- fueron altos en ΨT y MCD (14 y 11.4, respectivamente), sin embargo sus coeficientes de variación fueron los menores (11 y 14 %, respectivamente). Se propone un nuevo enfoque (S*) para calcular la sensibilidad de los indicadores de estado hídrico de la planta, ya que el método tradicional puede generar altos valores de sensibilidad sin que se identifiquen diferencias entre tratamientos de riego. [ENG] The sensitivity to water stress of different plant water indicators was evaluated during the late postharvest period of extra-early nectarine trees growing in a commercial orchard and submitted to two irrigation treatments: (i) a control (TC), irrigated at 120% of crop evapotranspiration to avoid any soil water limitations, and (ii) a water deficit treatment (TD), irrigated at 50% of TC. The plant indicator studied were: the maximum daily trunk shrinkage (MCD); trunk growth rate (TCD); midday stem water potential (ΨT); leaf conductance (Gs); and net photosynthesis (Pn). Although the highest signal intensity (SI) values -the ratio of deficit irrigation treatment values to control values- were reached by TGR, Gs and Pn (2.6, 3 and 2.9, respectively), the sensitivity (S) values- calculated as the ratio of SI to coefficient of variation (SI·CV−1)- were higher in ΨT and MDS (14 and 11.4, respectively), since their CV values were the lowest (11 and 14%, respectively). A new approach (S*) is proposed to calculate the sensitivity of the plant water indicators, since the standard method can result in high sensitivity values without identifying differences between irrigation treatments.Este estudio fue subvencionado por el Ministerio Español de ciencia e innovación (AGL2010-19201-C04-04), y el proyecto europeo SIRRIMED (FP7-KBBE-2009-3-245159)

Influencia de las estrategias de riego deficitario controlado en el color de uva de mesa, cv. Crisom Seedless

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo mejorar la intensidad y uniformidad del color de las bayas de Crisom Seedless. Una reducción del agua del 40% respecto a FINC (tratamiento adecuadamente regado), no dio lugar a diferencias significativas en producción ni calidad de la cosecha. Dicha reducción en el agua aplicada, indujo un adelanto en la madurez de los tratamientos deficitarios (RDC y DPR), obteniendo porcentajes de cosecha mayores que FINC en los 2 primeros cortes. Por otra parte, una reducción del 71% del agua aplicada en el tratamiento deficitario más severo (SEC), produjo una disminución de la producción y menor peso medio y volumen de bayas. El análisis visual del color, que determina las preferencias por el consumidor, clasificó el 78% de las bayas muestreadas del RFC y DPR en las categorías III-IV. Estos resultados correspondientes al primer año de ensayo, muestran beneficios de las estrategias de riego deficitario controlado frente al riego tradicional de explotaciones comerciales, aunque han de ser validados en futuros años de ensayo.Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Telecomunicación, (ETSIT). Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, (ETSIA). Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial (ETSII). Escuela de Arquitectura e Ingeniería de Edificación (ARQ&IDE). Escuela de Ingeniería de Caminos y de Minas, (EICM). Centro Universitario de la Defensa, CUD. Parque Tecnológico de Fuente Álamo Campus Mare Nostrum

Sensibilidad estomática de Crisom Seedless al déficit hídrico

En una explotación agrícola comercial de uva de mesa, se ensayaron dos tratamientos de riego extremos, un control (CTL) adecuadamente regado, y un secano (SEC), sin riego durante toda la estación de crecimiento, a excepción de un riego de socorro efectuado cuando el diámetro ecuatorial del grano de uva se redujo más de un 10% respecto a CTL, con el fin de determinar el comportamiento iso o anisohídrico de la variedad Crimson Seedless. Durante la fase fenológica de pre-envero los valores de potencial hídrico de tallo (Ψt, md) indicaron el carácter isohídrico de la variedad, manteniendo escasas diferencias entre tratamientos a pesar del déficit aplicado. Sin embargo, durante post-envero estas diferencias se incrementaron, lo que llevo a diferenciar el comportamiento estomático de la variedad en ambos periodos de crecimiento (antes y después del envero).Centro Universitario de la Defensa. Escuela de Turismo de Cartagena. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial UPCT. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Telecomunicación (ETSIT). Escuela de Ingeniería de Caminos y Minas (EICM). Escuela de Arquitectura e Ingeniería de Edificación (ARQ&IDE). Parque Tecnológico de Fuente Álamo. Navantia. Campus Mare Nostrum. Estación Experimental Agroalimentaria Tomás Ferro

Combined effects of deficit irrigation and crop level on early nectarine trees

A three-year long experiment was implemented in an early nectarine (Prunus persica L. Batsch cv. Flanoba) commercial orchard to evaluate the effects of deficit irrigation and different crop levels on vegetative growth, plant water status, and fruit yield and quality. Three irrigation treatments were assessed: (i)control, full irrigation (TCTL); (ii) normal practice of the farmer (TFRM); and (iii) regulated deficit irrigation (TRDI), which involved irrigating the crop at the same level as the control (TCTL) during the critical periods of the first year and at 60% TCTL during postharvest. In the last two growing seasons the irrigation was scheduled to maintain the signal intensity (SI) of maximum daily trunk shrinkage (SIMDS= MDSTRDI/MDSTCTL) at different water stress levels depending on the phenological stage: SI = 1.0 (non-water stress) and SI = 1.4(moderate water stress). Besides, during the last two seasons, the interactions between TCTL and TRDI were studied at five different crop levels, which were obtained by controlling the distance between fruits left on the branches: from very low (16 cm between fruits) to very high (8 cm between fruits). Crop water use efficiency (WUE) of TRDI was higher than in TCT Land TFRM, increasing by around 25% in 2010 and 2011, and around 74% the final year. Interestingly, TFRM increased the WUE from the first year by more than 30%. The yield/annual increase in trunk-cross-sectional area (_TCSA) ratio increased in TRDI with respect to the other treatments as the experiment progressed, reaching differences of 53%. Vegetative growth was clearly sensitive to deficit irrigation with a strong correlation between the increase in the water stress integral obtained by midday stem water potential (_stem) and the reduction in TSCA. In contrast, fruit production and quality were not affected by water deficit. As regards the interaction between crop level and water deficit, fruit firmness was the only fruit quality parameter studied that presented significant differences, the highest values corresponding to the fruits from TRDI trees and the lowest crop level. I nearly nectarine trees, the postharvest period can be considered as a non-critical period for applying RDI strategies but only when the water stress integral applied is of low intensity in May and June (much lower than 9 MPa day), in order to limit the decrease in vegetative growth and so not affect the following harvests.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (AGL2010-19201-C04-04) and European project LIFE+IRRIMAN (LIFE13 ENV/ES/000539). María R. Conesa acknowledgesher FPU fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Education. Wethank the Frutas Esther SA Company for allowing us to use theirfacilities to carry out the tests

Estudio de las relaciones hídricas y productividad en mandarino 'Fortune' sometido a riego deficitario controlado

Con el objetivo de conocer el efecto del riego deficitario controlado sobre la productividad del mandarina 'Fortune', se estudiaron las relaciones hídricas en base a medidas continuas mediante sensores (dendrómetros: MCD y TCD) e in situ con cámara de presiólP ( J y CIRAS II (Fn y gJ durante la campaña 2009/2010. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran la sensibilidad de estos indicadores para ser utilizados con fines de programación. Por otra parte, el déficit aplicado en el tratamiento deficitario (TRDcJ supuso un ahorro de agua del 10% respecto Tcn Y un 20% respecto a TFlNCA, sin encontrar diferencias significativas entre ellos, ya que los valores más bajos (no significativos) de producción de T ROC se debieron a un mayor aclareo de frutos afectados por Alternaria sp. en dicho tratatamientoCentro Universitario de la Defensa. Escuela de Turismo de Cartagena. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial UPCT. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Telecomunicación (ETSIT). Escuela de Ingeniería de Caminos y Minas (EICM). Escuela de Arquitectura e Ingeniería de Edificación (ARQ&IDE). Parque Tecnológico de Fuente Álamo. Navantia. Campus Mare Nostru