Andy Clark and his Critics

In this volume, a range of high-profile researchers in philosophy of mind, philosophy of cognitive science, and empirical cognitive science, critically engage with Clark's work across the themes of: Extended, Embodied, Embedded, Enactive, and Affective Minds; Natural Born Cyborgs; and Perception, Action, and Prediction. Daniel Dennett provides a foreword on the significance of Clark's work, and Clark replies to each section of the book, thus advancing current literature with original contributions that will form the basis for new discussions, debates and directions in the discipline

HIT and brain reward function: a case of mistaken identity (theory)

This paper employs a case study from the history of neuroscience—brain reward function—to scrutinize the inductive argument for the so-called ‘Heuristic Identity Theory’ (HIT). The case fails to support HIT, illustrating why other case studies previously thought to provide empirical support for HIT also fold under scrutiny. After distinguishing two different ways of understanding the types of identity claims presupposed by HIT and considering other conceptual problems, we conclude that HIT is not an alternative to the traditional identity theory so much as a relabeling of previously discussed strategies for mechanistic discovery

Why Build a Virtual Brain? Large-Scale Neural Simulations as Jump Start for Cognitive Computing.

Despite the impressive amount of financial resources recently invested in carrying out large-scale brain simulations, it is controversial what the pay-offs are of pursuing this project. One idea is that from designing, building, and running a large-scale neural simulation, scientists acquire knowledge about the computational performance of the simulating system, rather than about the neurobiological system represented in the simulation. It has been claimed that this knowledge may usher in a new era of neuromorphic, cognitive computing systems. This study elucidates this claim and argues that the main challenge this era is facing is not the lack of biological realism. The challenge lies in identifying general neurocomputational principles for the design of artificial systems, which could display the robust flexibility characteristic of biological intelligence

Bayesian cognitive science, predictive brains, and the nativism debate

The rise of Bayesianism in cognitive science promises to shape the debate between nativists and empiricists into more productive forms—or so have claimed several philosophers and cognitive scientists. The present paper explicates this claim, distinguishing different ways of understanding it. After clarifying what is at stake in the controversy between nativists and empiricists, and what is involved in current Bayesian cognitive science, the paper argues that Bayesianism offers not a vindication of either nativism or empiricism, but one way to talk precisely and transparently about the kinds of mechanisms and representations underlying the acquisition of psychological traits without a commitment to an innate language of thought

(Mis)computation in Computational Psychiatry

An adequate explication of miscomputation should do justice to the practices involved in the computational sciences. As relevant practices outside computer science have been overlooked, I begin to fill this gap by distinguishing different notions of miscomputation in computational psychiatry. I argue that a satisfactory explication of miscomputation in computational psychiatry should be grounded in the semantic view of computation, rather than in the mechanistic view. To the extent my argument is convincing, we should reconsider the adequacy of the mechanistic view of computation for illuminating some methodological and explanatory practices in computational cognitive neuroscience, as well as for individuating biological computing systems

How to foster respect for animals? Superiority, dissimilarity, and prejudice

Chapman & Huffman (C & H) might be taken to argue as follows: Humans may treat animals however they want only if humans are superior to animals. But humans are not superior to animals. Therefore, humans may not treat animals however they want. Whatever its merit, this is not C & H’s actual argument. Their point, instead, is that humans often mistreat animals because they tend to perceive them as inferior. A remedy for animal mistreatment would then be acknowledging the deep similarities between us and animals. But is C & H’s suggested remedy likely to be effective to foster respect for animals

(Mis)computation in Computational Psychiatry

An adequate explication of miscomputation should do justice to relevant practices in the computational sciences. While philosophers of computation have neglected scientific practices outside computer science, here I focus on computational psychiatry. I argue that computational psychiatrists use a concept of miscomputation in their explanations, and that this concept should be explicated as interest-relative and perspectival, alt-hough non-arbitrary, relatively clear-cut, experimentally evaluable, and instrumentally useful. To the extent my argument is convincing, we should reconsider the general adequacy of the mechanistic view of computation for illuminating relevant methodological and explanatory practices in the computational sciences

(Mis)computation in Computational Psychiatry

An adequate explication of miscomputation should do justice to relevant practices in the computational sciences. While philosophers of computation have neglected scientific practices outside computer science, here I focus on computational psychiatry. I argue that computational psychiatrists use a concept of miscomputation in their explanations, and that this concept should be explicated as interest-relative and perspectival, alt-hough non-arbitrary, relatively clear-cut, experimentally evaluable, and instrumentally useful. To the extent my argument is convincing, we should reconsider the general adequacy of the mechanistic view of computation for illuminating relevant methodological and explanatory practices in the computational sciences

Optimal law for inclination change in an atmosphere through solar sailing

The aim of this paper is to devise a local optimal strategy for the orbital inclination change of solar sail spacecraft in low Earth orbit, combining the effects of the solar radiation pressure and atmospheric forces. The spacecraft is modelled as a reflective flat plate. The acceleration due to effects of atmospheric forces and solar radiation pressure is computed, depending on the orbital parameters and attitude of the sail. Then, the attitude that maximizes the instantaneous orbital inclination change is found through Gauss’ equations. When either one of these effects dominates over the other (and so, one can be neglected), the analytic expressions are found. When both effects are considered, a numerical optimization is used. An additional constraint is introduced to avoid a decrease in the orbital semi major axis, and therefore prevent losses of orbital energy, while increasing the inclination. Different regions are identified, depending on whether the atmospheric effects dominate, the solar radiation pressure dominates, or the two are comparable. Arcs along the orbit are determined in which the optimal attitude can be found analytically, and the expression is derived. Numerical results show that a consistent increase of inclination can be achieved in a one-year mission, starting from different circular orbits, by applying the proposed control laws

Trajectory optimization for the Hevelius-lunar microsatellite mission

In this paper trajectory optimisation for the Hevelius mission is presented. The Hevelius-Lunar Microsatellite Mission - is a multilander mission to the dark side of the Moon, supported by a relay microsatellite, orbiting on a Halo orbit around L2. Three landers, with miniaturized payloads, are transported by a carrier from a LEO to the surface of the Moon, where they perform a semi-hard landing with an airbag system. This paper will present the trajectory optimisation process, focusing, in particular, on the approach employed for Δv manoeuvre optimization. An introduction to the existing methods for trajectory optimization will be presented, subsequently it will be described how these methods have been exploited and originally combined in the Hevelius mission analysis and design