Females of Color Who Have Served as Superintendent: Their Journeys to the Superintendency and Perceptions of the Office

The purpose of this study was to chronicle the journeys often females of color to the office of the superintendent, to document how they use the power of the office and to record their perceptions, as superintendent, of the office( s) they hold or have held. It provides an in-depth look at the females as people and as leaders. One premise of this study is that access to education and equity in employment opportunity are key factors in determining who may serve in the nation\u27s highest offices. Half of the respondents are the products of legally enforced segregation in their elementary school experiences and some were fully educated under a system of segregation. In spite of the inequity of education in the separate but equal schools, all of these women not only gained an education, but also achieved education at its highest level, the doctorate. Among other things, they identify familial support, a belief in a higher power and the ability to persevere as facilitators in reaching the highest teaching job in education The office of superintendent is much more than a profession to all of the women in this study; it is more of a mission. Most of the women expressed the desire to become academic leaders before they became superintendents. They prided themselves in having sat in many seats and used that knowledge to guide them in making decisions. Those who admittedly sought the superintendency as a primary goal surrounded themselves with others who had the technical knowledge that they lacked. When in office, they generally forged strong alliances and managed \u27\u27power with others, in contrast to the traditional model of top-down leadership, or the use of power over others. the superintendents interviewed believed strongly in what they were doing and all indicated that in spite of the challenges and the strife, they planned to All of remain and complete their mission. The ways in which they all wish to be remembered can be restated as individuals who served others and served them well

The uncertainties associated with sediment fingerprinting suspended and recently deposited fluvial sediment in the Nene river basin

The use of tracers within a sediment fingerprinting framework has become a commonly used technique for investigating the sources of fine sediment. However, uncertainties associated with tracer behaviour have been cited as major potential limitations to sediment fingerprinting methodologies. This paper aims to determine the differences between fingerprinting results derived using different groups of tracer properties and to determine the role of organic matter content, particle size, and within-source variability in tracer concentrations on the observed differences. A mean difference of 24.1% between the predicted contributions of sediment originating from channel banks was found when using different tracer groups. Mean differences between tracer group predictions were lower, at between 8% and 11%, when fingerprinting contributions from urban street dusts. Organic matter content and / or particle size showed little indication that they caused differences between tracer group predictions. The within-source variability in tracer concentrations and small contrasts between the tracer concentrations of different source groups were identified as probable causes of inherent uncertainty in the fingerprinting predictions. We determined that the ratio of the percentage difference between median tracer concentrations in the source groups and the average within-source tracer concentration coefficient of variation could indicate the likely uncertainty in model predictions prior to tracer use

The Health Wagon Partners with the Virginia Department of Health to Provide COVID-19 Testing in Rural Southwest Virginia

The Health Wagon has been providing care for the rural population of southwest Virginia for the past 40 years. The mission of the Health Wagon is to provide quality health care to the medically underserved people in the mountains of Appalachia. It has expanded to two stationary clinics, three mobile units, and a mobile dental unit, logging over 19,000 patients encounters in the past year

Revenue sharing : minorities and the poor.

Thesis. 1975. M.C.P.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning.Bibliography: leaves 196-200.M.C.P

Water insecurity and gender‐based violence: A global review of the evidence

We reviewed the existing literature documenting the association between water insecurity and gender-based violence to (1) describe the characteristics and contexts of available studies, and (2) identify and classify documented gender-based violence across domains of water insecurity (access, affordability, adequacy, reliability, and safety). 18 peer-reviewed articles mentioned associations between water insecurity and gender-based violence. All studies were conducted in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia and were published in English. The most common manifestation of the relationship between water insecurity and gender-based violence was an increased risk of sexual and physical violence for women who walked long distances to access water. This was followed by intimate partner violence sparked by the inability to meet domestic obligations due to household water inadequacy. Despite these trends, the domains of water insecurity, and the types of violence experienced by women, were often intertwined. We conclude that there is a dearth of information assessing gender-based violence and water insecurity, especially in Latin America, North America, and Southeast Asia, and involving locally-based scholars. We suggest that the spectrum of what is considered “violence” in relation to water insecurity be expanded and that scholars and practitioners adopt the term “gender-based water violence” to describe water-related stressors that are so extreme as to threaten human health and well-being, particularly that of women and girls. Finally, we encourage the development of cross-culturally validated measures of gender-based violence, which can be deployed in conjunction with standardized measures of water insecurity, to evaluate interventions that target these linked threats to global health

Water Insecurity, Self-reported Physical Health, and Objective Measures of Biological Health in the Peruvian Amazon

ObjectivesThis study examines the associations between water insecurity, self-reported physical health, and objective measures of biological health among 225 Awajún adults (107 women; 118 men) living in the Peruvian Amazon, a “water-abundant” region.MethodsA survey, which included multiple measures of self-reported physical health, and objective measures of biological health such as blood pressure and nutritional and immune biomarkers.ResultsGreater water insecurity was associated with multiple measures of self-reported physical health, including higher incidence of reported diarrhea, nausea, back pain, headaches, chest pain, fatigue, dizziness, overall poor perceived health, and “being sick.” These symptoms align with the physical strain associated with water acquisition and with drinking contaminated water. A significant association between higher water insecurity and lower systolic blood pressure emerged, which may be linked to dehydration. None of the other biomarkers, including those for nutrition, infection, and stress were significantly associated with water insecurity scores.ConclusionsThese analyses add to the growing body of research examining the associations between water insecurity and health. Biocultural anthropologists are well-positioned to continue probing these connections. Future research will investigate relationships between measures of water insecurity and biomarkers for gastrointestinal infection and inflammation in water-scarce and water-abundant contexts

Calculating the power of a planned individual participant data meta‐analysis to examine prognostic factor effects for a binary outcome

Collecting data for an individual participant data meta‐analysis (IPDMA) project can be time consuming and resource intensive and could still have insufficient power to answer the question of interest. Therefore, researchers should consider the power of their planned IPDMA before collecting IPD. Here we propose a method to estimate the power of a planned IPDMA project aiming to synthesise multiple cohort studies to investigate the (unadjusted or adjusted) effects of potential prognostic factors for a binary outcome. We consider both binary and continuous factors and provide a three‐step approach to estimating the power in advance of collecting IPD, under an assumption of the true prognostic effect of each factor of interest. The first step uses routinely available (published) aggregate data for each study to approximate Fisher's information matrix and thereby estimate the anticipated variance of the unadjusted prognostic factor effect in each study. These variances are then used in step 2 to estimate the anticipated variance of the summary prognostic effect from the IPDMA. Finally, step 3 uses this variance to estimate the corresponding IPDMA power, based on a two‐sided Wald test and the assumed true effect. Extensions are provided to adjust the power calculation for the presence of additional covariates correlated with the prognostic factor of interest (by using a variance inflation factor) and to allow for between‐study heterogeneity in prognostic effects. An example is provided for illustration, and Stata code is supplied to enable researchers to implement the method

Water Insecurity and Gender-based Violence: A Global Review of the Evidence

We reviewed the existing literature documenting the association between water insecurity and gender-based violence to (1) describe the characteristics and contexts of available studies, and (2) identify and classify documented gender-based violence across domains of water insecurity (access, affordability, adequacy, reliability, and safety). 18 peer-reviewed articles mentioned associations between water insecurity and gender-based violence. All studies were conducted in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia and were published in English. The most common manifestation of the relationship between water insecurity and gender-based violence was an increased risk of sexual and physical violence for women who walked long distances to access water. This was followed by intimate partner violence sparked by the inability to meet domestic obligations due to household water inadequacy. Despite these trends, the domains of water insecurity, and the types of violence experienced by women, were often intertwined. We conclude that there is a dearth of information assessing gender-based violence and water insecurity, especially in Latin America, North America, and Southeast Asia, and involving locally-based scholars. We suggest that the spectrum of what is considered “violence” in relation to water insecurity be expanded and that scholars and practitioners adopt the term “gender-based water violence” to describe water-related stressors that are so extreme as to threaten human health and well-being, particularly that of women and girls. Finally, we encourage the development of cross-culturally validated measures of gender-based violence, which can be deployed in conjunction with standardized measures of water insecurity, to evaluate interventions that target these linked threats to global health.This article is categorized under:Engineering Water \u3e Water, Health, and SanitationHuman Water \u3e Rights to Wate