Evidence of structural genomic region recombination in Hepatitis C virus

BACKGROUND/AIM: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been the subject of intense research and clinical investigation as its major role in human disease has emerged. Although homologous recombination has been demonstrated in many members of the family Flaviviridae, to which HCV belongs, there have been few studies reporting recombination on natural populations of HCV. Recombination break-points have been identified in non structural proteins of the HCV genome. Given the implications that recombination has for RNA virus evolution, it is clearly important to determine the extent to which recombination plays a role in HCV evolution. In order to gain insight into these matters, we have performed a phylogenetic analysis of 89 full-length HCV strains from all types and sub-types, isolated all over the world, in order to detect possible recombination events. METHOD: Putative recombinant sequences were identified with the use of SimPlot program. Recombination events were confirmed by bootscaning, using putative recombinant sequence as a query. RESULTS: Two crossing over events were identified in the E1/E2 structural region of an intra-typic (1a/1c) recombinant strain. CONCLUSION: Only one of 89 full-length strains studied resulted to be a recombinant HCV strain, revealing that homologous recombination does not play an extensive roll in HCV evolution. Nevertheless, this mechanism can not be denied as a source for generating genetic diversity in natural populations of HCV, since a new intra-typic recombinant strain was found. Moreover, the recombination break-points were found in the structural region of the HCV genome

The First Case of Bovine Astrovirus-Associated Encephalitis in the Southern Hemisphere (Uruguay), Uncovers Evidence of Viral Introduction to the Americas From Europe.

Astrovirus species members of the Mamastrovirus genus (family Astroviridae) have been increasingly recognized as neuroinvasive pathogens in various mammals, including humans, mink, cattle, sheep, and pigs. While cases of astrovirus-associated encephalitis have been reported in North America, Europe, and Asia, their presence has never been documented in the Southern hemisphere. This paper describes a case of astrovirus-associated encephalitis in cattle in Uruguay that broadens the geographic distribution and genetic diversity of neuroinvasive astroviruses and provides phylogeographic evidence of viral introduction to the Americas from Europe. A 22-month-old Holstein steer from a farm in Colonia Department, Uruguay developed progressive neurological signs over a 3-days period before dying. Histopathological examination of the brain and proximal cervical spinal cord revealed disseminated, moderate to severe lymphocytic, histiocytic, and plasmacytic poliomeningoencephalomyelitis with neuronal necrosis. A Mamastrovirus strain in the CH13/NeuroS1 clade, that we called bovine astrovirus (BoAstV)-Neuro-Uy, was identified by reverse transcriptase PCR followed by nearly complete genome sequencing. Additionally, BoAstV was detected intralesionally in the brain by chromogenic RNA in situ hybridization within neuronal perikarya, axons and dendrites. Phylogenetic analysis of BoAstV-Neuro-Uy revealed a close relationship to neurotropic BoAstVs within the Virginia/Human-Mink-Ovine clade, which contains a growing cadre of neuroinvasive astroviruses. Analyzing the complete coding region of neuroinvasive BoAstVs sequences available in GenBank, we estimated an evolutionary rate of 4.27 × 10-4 (95% HPD 2.19-6.46 × 10-4) nucleotide substitutions/site/year. Phylogeographic analysis suggests that the common viral ancestor circulated in Europe between 1794-1940, and was introduced in Uruguay between 1849-1967, to later spread to North America and Japan

Modeling gene sequences over time in 2009 H1N1 Influenza A Virus populations

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>A sudden emergence of Influenza A Virus (IAV) infections with a new pandemic H1N1 IAV is taking place since April of 2009. In order to gain insight into the mode of evolution of these new H1N1 strains, we performed a Bayesian coalescent Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analysis of full-length neuraminidase (NA) gene sequences of 62 H1N1 IAV strains (isolated from March 30^thto by July 28^th, 2009).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The results of these studies revealed that the expansion population growth model was the best to fit the sequence data. A mean of evolutionary change of 7.84 × 10^-3nucleotide substitutions per site per year (s/s/y) was obtained for the NA gene. A significant contribution of first codon position to this mean rate was observed. Maximum clade credibility trees revealed a rapid diversification of NA genes in different genetic lineages, all of them containing Oseltamivir-resistant viruses of very recent emergence. Mapping of naturally occurring amino acid substitutions in the NA protein from 2009 H1N1 IAV circulating in 62 different patients revealed that substitutions are distributed all around the surface of the molecule, leaving the hydrophobic core and the catalytic site essentially untouched.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>High evolutionary rates and fast population growth have contributed to the initial transmission dynamics of 2009 H1N1 IAV. Naturally occurring substitutions are preferentially located at the protein surface and do not interfere with the NA active site. Antigenic regions relevant for vaccine development can differ from previous vaccine strains and vary among patients.</p

Evidence of increasing diversification of emerging Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 strains

On 30th January 2020, an outbreak of atypical pneumonia caused by a novelbetacoronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS‐CoV‐2), was declared a public health emergency of international concern bythe World Health Organization. For this reason, a detailed evolutionary analysis ofSARS‐CoV‐2 strains currently circulating in different geographic regions of theworld was performed. A compositional analysis as well as a Bayesian coalescentanalysis of complete genome sequences of SARS‐CoV‐2 strains recently isolated inEurope, North America, South America, and Asia was performed. The results ofthese studies revealed a diversification of SARS‐CoV‐2 strains in three differentgenetic clades. Co‐circulation of different clades in different countries, as well asdifferent genetic lineages within different clades were observed. The time of themost recent common ancestor was established to be around 1st November 2019.A mean rate of evolution of 6.57 × 10−4substitutions per site per year was found.A significant migration rate per genetic lineage per year from Europe to SouthAmerica was also observed. The results of these studies revealed an increasingdiversification of SARS‐CoV‐2 strains. High evolutionary rates and fast populationgrowth characterizes the population dynamics of SARS‐CoV‐2 strains

Genome-wide analysis of codon usage bias in Bovine Coronavirus

Background Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) belong to the genus Betacoronavirus of the family Coronaviridae. BCoV are widespread around the world and cause enteric or respiratory infections among cattle, leading to important economic losses to the beef and dairy industry worldwide. To study the relation of codon usage among viruses and their hosts is essential to understand host-pathogen interaction, evasion from host's immune system and evolution. Methods We performed a comprehensive analysis of codon usage and composition of BCoV. Results The global codon usage among BCoV strains is similar. Significant differences of codon preferences in BCoV genes in relation to codon usage of Bos taurus host genes were found. Most of the highly frequent codons are U-ending. G + C compositional constraint and dinucleotide composition also plays a role in the overall pattern of BCoV codon usage. Conclusions The results of these studies revealed that mutational bias is a leading force shaping codon usage in this virus. Additionally, relative dinucleotide frequencies, geographical distribution, and evolutionary processes also influenced the codon usage pattern

Development of an IgY-Based treatment to control bovine Coronavirus diarrhea in dairy calves

Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV) is a major pathogen associated with neonatal calf diarrhea. Standard practice dictates that to prevent BCoV diarrhea, dams should be immunized in the last stage of pregnancy to increase BCoV-specific antibody (Ab) titers in serum and colostrum. For the prevention to be effective, calves need to suck maternal colostrum within the first six to twelve hours of life before gut closure to ensure a good level of passive immunity. The high rate of maternal Ab transfer failure resulting from this process posed the need to develop alternative local passive immunity strategies to strengthen the prevention and treatment of BCoV diarrhea. Immunoglobulin Y technology represents a promising tool to address this gap. In this study, 200 laying hens were immunized with BCoV to obtain spray-dried egg powder enriched in specific IgY Abs to BCoV on a large production scale. To ensure batch-to-batch product consistency, a potency assay was statistically validated. With a sample size of 241, the BCoV-specific IgY ELISA showed a sensitivity and specificity of 97.7% and 98.2%, respectively. ELISA IgY Abs to BCoV correlated with virus-neutralizing Ab titers (Pearson correlation, R2 = 0.92, p < 0.001). Most importantly, a pilot efficacy study in newborn calves showed a significant delay and shorter duration of BCoV-associated diarrhea and shedding in IgY-treated colostrum-deprived calves. Calves were treated with milk supplemented with egg powder (final IgY Ab titer to BCoV ELISA = 512; VN = 32) for 14 days as a passive treatment before a challenge with BCoV and were compared to calves fed milk with no supplementation. This is the first study with proof of efficacy of a product based on egg powder manufactured at a scale that successfully prevents BCoV-associated neonatal calf diarrhea.Instituto de VirologíaFil: Bok, Marina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). INCUINTA. Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnologicas; ArgentinaFil: Bok, Marina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Bok, Marina. Bioinnovo S.A.; ArgentinaFil: Vega, Celina Guadalupe. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). INCUINTA. Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnologicas; ArgentinaFil: Vega, Celina Guadalupe. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Vega, Celina Guadalupe. Bioinnovo S.A.; ArgentinaFil: Castells, Matias. Universidad de la República. Centro Universitario de Salto. CENUR Litoral Norte. Laboratorio de Virología Molecular; UruguayFil: Castells, Matias. National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA). Animal Health Research; UruguayFil: Colina, Rodney. Universidad de la República. Centro Universitario de Salto. CENUR Litoral Norte. Laboratorio de Virología Molecular; UruguayFil: Colina, Rodney. National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA). Animal Health Research; UruguayFil: Wigdorovitz, Andres. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). INCUINTA. Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT),; ArgentinaFil: Wigdorovitz, Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Wigdorovitz, Andres. Bioinnovo S.A.; ArgentinaFil: Parreño, Gladys Viviana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). INCUINTA. Instituto de Virologia e Innovaciones Tecnologicas (IVIT); ArgentinaFil: Parreño, Gladys Viviana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Parreño, Gladys Viviana. Bioinnovo S.A.; Argentin

Complete genome sequence of a novel recombinant Citrus tristeza virus, a resistance-breaking isolate from Uruguay

We report here the complete genome sequence of a Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) from Uruguay, sequenced by using Illumina and Sanger sequencing technology. This CTV DSST-17 genome clustered within genotype resistance breaking (RB) and presents two recombination events

Phylogenetic analyses of rotavirus a from cattle in uruguay reveal the circulation of common and uncommon genotypes and suggest interspecies transmission

Uruguay is one of the main exporters of beef and dairy products, and cattle production is one of the main economic sectors in this country. Rotavirus A (RVA) is the main pathogen associated with neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD), a syndrome that leads to significant economic losses to the livestock industry. The aims of this study are to determine the frequency of RVA infections, and to analyze the genetic diversity of RVA strains in calves in Uruguay. A total of 833 samples from dairy and beef calves were analyzed through RT-qPCR and sequencing. RVA was detected in 57.0% of the samples. The frequency of detection was significantly higher in dairy (59.5%) than beef (28.4%) calves (p < 0.001), while it did not differ significantly among calves born in herds that were vaccinated (64.0%) or not vaccinated (66.7%) against NCD. The frequency of RVA detection and the viral load were significantly higher in samples from diarrheic (72.1%, 7.99 log10 genome copies/mL of feces) than non-diarrheic (59.9%, 7.35 log10 genome copies/mL of feces) calves (p < 0.005 and p = 0.007, respectively). The observed G-types (VP7) were G6 (77.6%), G10 (20.7%), and G24 (1.7%), while the P-types were P[5] (28.4%), P[11] (70.7%), and P[33] (0.9%). The G-type and P-type combinations were G6P[11] (40.4%), G6P[5] (38.6%), G10P[11] (19.3%), and the uncommon genotype G24P[33] (1.8%). VP6 and NSP1-5 genotyping were performed to better characterize some strains. The phylogenetic analyses suggested interspecies transmission, including transmission between animals and humans.Fil: Castells, Matías. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Caffarena, Rubén Darío. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Casaux, María Laura. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Schild, Carlos. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Miño, Samue. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Castells, Felipe. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Castells, Daniel. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Victoria, Matías. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Riet Correa, Franklin. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Giannitti, Federico. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Parreño, Gladys Viviana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación En Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Virología E Innovaciones Tecnológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Pque. Centenario. Instituto de Virología E Innovaciones Tecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Colina, Rodney. Universidad de la República; Urugua

eIF2α Phosphorylation Bidirectionally Regulates the Switch from Short- to Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity and Memory

SummaryThe late phase of long-term potentiation (LTP) and memory (LTM) requires new gene expression, but the molecular mechanisms that underlie these processes are not fully understood. Phosphorylation of eIF2α inhibits general translation but selectively stimulates translation of ATF4, a repressor of CREB-mediated late-LTP (L-LTP) and LTM. We used a pharmacogenetic bidirectional approach to examine the role of eIF2α phosphorylation in synaptic plasticity and behavioral learning. We show that in eIF2α+/S51A mice, in which eIF2α phosphorylation is reduced, the threshold for eliciting L-LTP in hippocampal slices is lowered, and memory is enhanced. In contrast, only early-LTP is evoked by repeated tetanic stimulation and LTM is impaired, when eIF2α phosphorylation is increased by injecting into the hippocampus a small molecule, Sal003, which prevents the dephosphorylation of eIF2α. These findings highlight the importance of a single phosphorylation site in eIF2α as a key regulator of L-LTP and LTM formation

Enteric virus presence in green vegetables and associated irrigation waters in a rural area from Argentina: A quantitative microbial risk assessment

The aim of this study was to assess the presence of norovirus, rotavirus and infective enterovirus in leafy green vegetables and irrigation waters collected from a farm located at the province of Córdoba, Argentina, and to estimate the quantitative risk of infection by consuming these vegetables. During June 2014–July 2015, vegetables (n = 101) and their corresponding irrigation waters (n = 24) were collected. Viruses were concentrated in both matrices by polyethylene glycol precipitation and then were subjected to RT-PCR to assess the presence of norovirus and rotavirus. The concentrates were also inoculated in CaCo-2 cells to monitor the occurrence of infective enterovirus. The frequency of detection of norovirus, rotavirus and infective enterovirus in irrigation waters was 37.5%, 20.8% and 37.5% and in crops 60.4%, 22.7% and 35.6% respectively. Similar profiles of norovirus genogroups and rotavirus G-types distribution were observed in green vegetables and irrigation waters. The estimated risk of rotavirus infection associated with raw consumption of the vegetables harvested in that rural farm was 0.2 per person per day. This study demonstrates a wide distribution of human pathogenic viruses in irrigation waters and green leafy vegetables, which is of concern when, as in this case, the vegetables are eaten raw.Fil: Prez, Verónica Emilse. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Virología Dr. J. M. Vanella; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Matías, Victoria. Universidad de la República. Centro Universitario del Litoral Norte. Centro Universitario de Salto; UruguayFil: Martinez, Cecilia Laura. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Virología Dr. J. M. Vanella; ArgentinaFil: Giordano, Miguel Oscar. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Virología Dr. J. M. Vanella; ArgentinaFil: Masachessi, Gisela. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Virología Dr. J. M. Vanella; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Di Cola Bucciarelli, Guadalupe. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Virología Dr. J. M. Vanella; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Ré, Viviana Elizabeth. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Virología Dr. J. M. Vanella; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Paván, Victorio Jorge. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Virología Dr. J. M. Vanella; ArgentinaFil: Rodney, Colina. Universidad de la República. Centro Universitario del Litoral Norte. Centro Universitario de Salto; UruguayFil: Nates, Silvia Viviana. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Virología Dr. J. M. Vanella; ArgentinaFil: Barril, Patricia Angelica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Virología Dr. J. M. Vanella; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial. Centro de Investigación y Asistencia Técnica a la Industria Villa Regina; Argentin