Measuring the Progress and Success of Regional Health Policies: PRARI Toolkit of Indicators for the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)

PRARI is a social development research project that looks at world-regional social governance, politics, and policy. PRARI brings together an international team of researchers studying the scope for enhancing the effectiveness of the contributions of Southern regional organisations to poverty reduction. It receives funding from the ESRC

Monitoring Pro-Poor Health-Policy Success in UNASUR

Monitoring pro-poor health policies at the regional level is essential for both countries and the regional bodies themselves, by identifying the issues related to the policy guidelines, the approach to health or information flows, as well as understanding implementation mechanisms of health policies at the local level. In order to address poverty and health problems, and strengthen ties between regional organizations and member countries, it is essential to generate mechanisms to track accountability to commitments and exchange of information to support the monitoring and evaluation of activities. Since its creation, UNASUR through the South American Health Council (CSS) has invested political and human resources in the area of health. The Five Year Plan 2010-2015 of the CSS, despite a number of pending activities, is the demonstration of this commitment. Added to this are the new activities the CSS gradually developed, which complement the work of the Council, such as their incursions in global health diplomacy. However, policy directions are still guided by the original values and principles included in the 2010-2015 health work plan. The “Poverty Reduction and Regional Integration” (PRARI) project presents an opportunity to generate a monitoring system that is based on existing needs in the region and supports the link between the countries and UNASUR, as well as UNASUR’s position at the global level. The aim of the PRARI project is to support the development of a monitoring system in collaboration with key stakeholders in the region. The focus will be the actions of the CSS in key policy areas such as primary health care, pharmaceutical policies and surveillance systems. Global processes such as those pertaining to the incoming sustainable development goals (SDGs) wil also be considered. In order for this indicator-based monitoring system to be effective and have an impact, it requires ‘regional ownership’ and the active participation of regional and national experts throughout the process of indicator development, implementation and evaluation. Furthermore, institutional support from UNASUR and its Member States, the main beneficiaries of this process, is critical for the monitoring system to be fully operational

Diagnostic investigation of 100 cases of abortion in sheep in Uruguay: 2015-2021

The aim of this work was to identify causes of abortion through laboratory investigations in sheep flocks in Uruguay. One hundred cases of abortion, comprising 58 fetuses, 36 fetuses with their placentas, and 6 placentas were investigated in 2015-2021. Cases were subjected to gross and microscopic pathologic examinations, and microbiological and serological testing for the identification of causes of abortion, including protozoal, bacterial, and viral pathogens. An etiologic diagnosis was determined in 46 (46%) cases, including 33 (33%) cases caused by infectious pathogens, as determined by the detection of a pathogen along with the identification of fetoplacental lesions attributable to the detected pathogen. Twenty-seven cases (27%) were caused by Toxoplasma gondii, 5 (5%) by Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus, and 1 (1%) by an unidentified species of Campylobacter. Fourteen cases (14%) had inflammatory and/or necrotizing fetoplacental lesions compatible with an infectious etiology. Although the cause for these lesions was not clearly identified, T. gondii was detected in 4 of these cases, opportunistic bacteria (Bacillus licheniformis, Streptococcus sp.) were isolated in 2 cases, and bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 subtype i (BVDV-1i) was detected in another. Campylobacter jejuni was identified in 1 (1%) severely autolyzed, mummified fetus. BVDV-2b was identified incidentally in one fetus with an etiologic diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. Microscopic agglutination test revealed antibodies against ≥1 Leptospira serovars in 15/63 (23.8%) fetuses; however, Leptospira was not identified by a combination of qPCR, culture, fluorescent antibody testing nor immunohistochemistry. Neospora caninum, Chlamydia abortus, Chlamydia pecorum, Coxiella burnetii and border disease virus were not detected in any of the analyzed cases. Death was attributed to dystocia in 13 (13%) fetuses delivered by 8 sheep, mostly from one highly prolific flock. Congenital malformations including inferior prognathism, a focal hepatic cyst, and enterohepatic agenesis were identified in one fetus each, the latter being the only one considered incompatible with postnatal life. Toxoplasmosis, campylobacteriosis and dystocia were the main identified causes of fetal losses. Despite the relatively low overall success rate in establishing an etiologic diagnosis, a systematic laboratory workup in cases of abortion is of value to identify their causes and enables zoonotic pathogens surveillance.INIA: PL_27 N-23398ANII: FCE_3_2018_1_148540ANII: FSA_1_2018_1_15268

Using mixed methods to understand and tackle barriers to accessing health services

This report describes the experience and lessons learnt from designing and implementing a combined quantitative and qualitative method to assess barriers to accessing health services. This approach was developed to study barriers to access in five dimensions: availability; geographical, financial, and organizational accessibility; acceptability; contact; and effective coverage. The study design was used in six countries in the World Health Organization Region of the Americas. The findings highlight the importance of having a well defined analysis framework and the benefits of adopting a mixed-methods approach. Using existing data and contextualizing findings according to specific population groups and geographical areas were essential for relevance and utilization of the study outcomes. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of using mixed methods to understand the complexity of access problems faced by different subpopulations. By involving decision-makers from the beginning and allowing flexibility for sustained discussions, the analysis and findings had an impact. The engagement of health authorities and key stakeholders facilitated the use of the findings for collaborative identification of policy options to eliminate access barriers. Lessons learnt from the study emphasized the need for active participation of decision-makers, flexibility in the process, and sustained opportunities for discussion to ensure impact. Giving consideration to local priorities and adapting the methods accordingly were important for the relevance and use of the findings. Future efforts could consider incorporating mixed methods into national and local monitoring and evaluation systems

Diplomacia da saúde: fortalecimento dos escritórios de relações internacionais dos ministérios da Saúde das Américas

Submitted by Isis Pillar Cazumbá ([email protected]) on 2018-01-09T13:47:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 REVISTA-PANAMERICANA_v41e1452017.pdf: 1759079 bytes, checksum: 8711ea02dab6b769117397151fa14495 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Isis Pillar Cazumbá ([email protected]) on 2018-01-09T14:07:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 REVISTA-PANAMERICANA_v41e1452017.pdf: 1759079 bytes, checksum: 8711ea02dab6b769117397151fa14495 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-09T14:07:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 REVISTA-PANAMERICANA_v41e1452017.pdf: 1759079 bytes, checksum: 8711ea02dab6b769117397151fa14495 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Relações Internacionais em Saúde. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Departamento de Relaciones Externas, Alianzas y Movilización de Recursos, Washington, DC, Estados Unidos de América.Diante da dimensão internacional dos determinantes sociais, econômicos e ambientais da saúde e das suas manifestações, os países cada vez mais negociam entre si e participam ativamente da governança da saúde global e da governança global em geral, que está incontestavelmente relacionada com a saúde. Os ministérios da Saúde precisam ter pessoal capacitado para exercer estas atividades. Este artigo examina como fortalecer esta função dos ministérios da Saúde por meio da capacitação em diplomacia da saúde e analisa a experiência obtida com o Programa de Fortalecimento da Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento da Saúde (CCHD), desenvolvido em conjunto pelo Departamento de Relações Externas, Parcerias e Captação de Recursos da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) e Centro de Relações Internacionais em Saúde da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (CRIS/FIOCRUZ). A análise parte da perspectiva dos participantes, facilitadores e coordenadores do CCHD e busca elaborar os conceitos a partir das experiências deles visando explicar a realidade atual e pensar nos conceitos e práticas dos processos de governança em saúde e cooperação dos ministérios da Saúde. Como a diplomacia da saúde é um conceito em evolução, as experiências de capacitação nesta área contribuem para estimular uma reflexão crítica e conferir identidade a partir de conceitos e práticas dos atores envolvidos nos processos de governança global e cooperação dos ministérios da Saúde. Também são abordados os requisitos e os processos de formação de recursos humanos em diplomacia da saúde.Given the international dimensions of the social, economic, and environmental determinants of health and their manifestations, countries are increasingly negotiating with each other and actively participating in global health governance and global governance in general, which is unequivocally linked to health. This implies that health ministries need trained staff. This report is a reflection on how to strengthen this function in health ministries through training in health diplomacy. It analyzes the experience of the Program for Strengthening Cooperation for Health Development as part of Cooperation among Countries for Health Development (CCHD), developed by the Department of External Relations, Partnerships and Resource Mobilization of the Pan American Health Organization and the Center for International Relations in Health of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (CRS/FIOCRUZ). This analysis is based on feedback from participants and from facilitators and coordinators of CCHD, and it attempts to develop concepts stemming from their experiences, with the aim of explaining the current situation and reflect on the concepts and practices of health governance and cooperation between health ministries. Since health diplomacy is a concept still in construction, training experiences in health diplomacy should promote critical analysis and reflect identity, based on the conceptions and practices of stakeholders in the processes of global governance and cooperation between health ministries. This article also identifies the requirements and processes of human resources training in health diplomacy.La dimensión internacional de los determinantes sociales, económicos y ambientales de la salud y sus manifestaciones impulsa a los países a emprender cada vez más negociaciones entre sí y a participar activamente en la gobernanza de la salud global y en la gobernanza global por sus inequívocas relaciones con la salud. Los ministerios de salud necesitan personal capacitado para ello. En este informe se reflexiona sobre el fortalecimiento de esa función de los ministerios de salud por medio de procesos de capacitación en diplomacia de la salud y se analiza la experiencia del Programa de Fortalecimiento de la Cooperación para el Desarrollo Sanitario (CCHD), desarrollado por el Departamento de Relaciones Externas, Alianzas y Movilización de Recursos de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) y el Centro de Relaciones Internacionales en Salud de la Fundación Oswaldo Cruz (CRIS/FIOCRUZ). Esta reflexión parte de los participantes y de los facilitadores y coordinadores del CCHD, y se basa en la construcción de los conceptos a partir de la experiencia como soporte de la reflexión para explicar la realidad y pensar en las concepciones y prácticas de los procesos de gobernanza en salud y cooperación de los ministerios de salud. Como la diplomacia de la salud es un concepto en construcción, las experiencias de capacitación en diplomacia de la salud deben promover la reflexión crítica y dar cuenta de la identidad a partir de las concepciones y prácticas de los actores involucrados en los procesos de gobernanza global y cooperación de los ministerios de salud. En este artículo también se identifican los requisitos y los procesos de formación de recursos humanos en diplomacia de la salud

Lupus Nephritis in Males: Clinical Features, Course, and Prognostic Factors for End-Stage Renal Disease

Because of their rarity in men, systemic lupus erythematous and lupus nephritis (LN) are poorly understood in men. Our aim was to analyze the clinical presentation and course of histology-proven systemic lupus erythematous and LN in males and to determine the risk factors for progression to end-stage renal disease. Methods: Fifty patients from 2 historical cohorts in Spain (Hospital 12 de Octubre) and Uruguay were retrospectively analyzed and compared with a female cohort matched for age and disease characteristics. Results: The median age at the time of renal biopsy was 27 years (range, 8–79 years). The main forms of presentation were nephrotic syndrome in 26 of 50 patients (52%), and class IV LN in 34 of 50 (68%). After treatment, 21 patients (45.6%) achieved complete renal remission. During follow-up, 12 patients required renal replacement therapy, and 3 patients died of infectious causes. When patients who required renal replacement therapy were compared with those who did not require it, several parameters showed significant differences (P < 0.05) at the time of renal biopsy: estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min, hypertension, hypoalbuminemia, and concomitant visceral involvement (neurologic, cardiovascular, and/or pulmonary). In the multivariate analysis, only estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min persisted as a risk factor for progression to end-stage renal disease. When compared with a cohort of female patients with LN, there were no significant differences in remission or renal survival. Discussion: LN in males usually presents as nephrotic syndrome, and type IV LN is the most frequent form. An estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min at the time of renal biopsy is associated with poor renal outcomes. There were no differences in remission or progression of LN in males when compared with a cohort of female patients with LN

Long-term follow-up of an IgA nephropathy cohort: outcomes and risk factors

AbstractAim IgA nephropathy (IgAN), the most common glomerulopathy worldwide and in Uruguay, raised treatment controversies. The study aimed to analyze long-term IgAN outcomes and treatment.Methods A retrospective analysis of a Uruguayan IgAN cohort, enrolled between 1985 and 2009 and followed up until 2020, was performed. The Ethics Committee approved the study. The inclusion criteria were (a) biopsy-proven IgAN; (b) age ≥12 years; and (c) available clinical, histologic, and treatment data. The patients were divided into two groups, with immunosuppressive (IS) or without (NoIS) treatment. Outcomes (end-stage kidney disease/kidney replacement therapy [ESKD/KRT] or all-cause death) were obtained from mandatory national registries.Results The study population included 241 patients (64.7% men), median age 32 (19.5) years, baseline blood pressure <130/80 mmHg in 37%, and microhematuria in 67.5% of patients. Baseline proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis, and a higher crescent percentage were significantly more frequent in the IS group. Proteinuria improved in both groups. Renal survival at 20 years was 74.6% without difference between groups. In the overall population and in the NoIS group, bivariate Cox regression analysis showed that baseline proteinuria, endocapillary hypercellularity, tubule interstitial damage, and crescents were associated with a higher risk of ESKD/KRT or death, but in the IS group, proteinuria and endocapillary hypercellularity were not. In the multivariate Cox analysis, proteinuria in the NoIS group, crescents in the IS group and tubule interstitial damage in both groups were independent risk factors.Conclusion The IS group had more severe risk factors than the NoIS group but attained a similar outcome

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data