II. Observations on animal fat and the causes of corpulency

n/

Le temps du naufrage

Le « temps du naufrage » est aujourd’hui circonscrit à celui de la perte d’un navire, d’une pollution et le plus souvent d’interminables procédures judiciaires à l’encontre d’armateurs négligents ou de capitaines imprudents. Tout au long du xviiie siècle, de très nombreux navires vinrent se perdre sur les côtes de Cornouaille. S’appuyant sur une juridiction, l’amirauté, et un droit nouveau défini par l’Ordonnance de la Marine de 1681, il est possible de retracer un « temps du naufrage » débordant largement le seul fracas du navire sur les rochers. Par le biais de cet accident, envisagé comme un fait historique total, c’est le commerce maritime sur un axe majeur de navigation et ses aléas qui se révèlent. Au travers des opérations de sauvetage des marchandises éparpillées sur le littoral sous la conduite des officiers d’amirauté, apparaissent les populations de ces franges bordières, dont les comportements souvent hâtivement résumés aux seuls pillages sont beaucoup plus complexes et relèvent d’une prise en compte d’une législation nouvelle, favorable aux « sauveteurs » et qui conduit à un progressif déclin du pillage des navires à la fin du xviiie siècle. Le « temps du naufrage » ne se résume pas seulement à un grand thème romantique dont les évocations picturales ne sauraient retranscrire toute la complexité d’un phénomène qui implique non seulement les équipages, mais également les populations du littoral ou les représentants de l’autorité royale.The period covered today by the term “shipwreck” includes the actual event, whether vessel loss or pollution, and also, most of the time, the endless law actions against careless ship-owners or reckless captains. Throughout the 18th century, a great many ships were wrecked along the coast of Cornouaille in Brittany. By working from a jurisdiction, the Admiralty, and the new legal framework defined by the 1681 Maritime Order, it is possible to identify a “shipwreck event” going well beyond the actual moment of the vessel’s shattering on the rocks. This accident, if considered as a complete historical event, is the lens through which the entire sea trading structure and its hazards, on a major navigation axis, stands revealed. The salvaging of the goods scattered along the shore, under the supervision of admiralty officers, gives us a glimpse of the populations of these coastal fringes. Their behaviour, too often and too summarily restricted to the sole plundering function, is far more complex, and includes an awareness of a new legislation favourable to “salvagers”, which led to a gradual decline of vessel looting at the end of the 18th century. The “shipwreck event” is more than a great romantic theme, its evocative pictorial representations cannot account for the full complexity of a phenomenon involving not only the crews, but also the coastal population, and the representatives of the Crown

Understanding travel behaviour change during mega-events: Lessons from the London 2012 Games

This paper presents results from a longitudinal study of the travel behaviour change associated with the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games (the ‘Games’). The research examines commuter travel behaviour through a panel approach enabling an understanding of individual behaviour across three waves (before, during and after), with the study utilising unique access to a Transport for London panel study (n=1132). The findings indicate that a substantial amount of change occurred during the Games (54% made at least one change), with reducing or re-timing journeys being the most likely adaptations made. A key objective of this work was to advance the discussion about the theoretical constructs that are most applicable in the study of behaviour change associated with disruptive events, which was done through the application and critical evaluation of the Transtheoretical Model. The insights from the stages of change element of the model were relatively limited but the analysis shows significant differences in the underlying factors explaining change according to the type of change made (reduce, re-time, re-mode and re-route). Whilst the long-term behavioural impacts of events like the Games appear small, the study has uncovered a need to consider these behavioural choices as distinct rather than under the collective term of “travel behaviour change”, as is current practice

Les amirautés de Quimper, Lorient et Vannes face au risque maritime : étude comparée (1720-1790)

International audienc

Les difficultés de l'archéologie sous-marine aujourd'hui

International audienc

Maritime accidents in 18th-century Brittany

International audienceThe objective of this research is, from a Global History viewpoint, to look at Maritime Risk under a combination offactors (such as the weather, the maritime trade rhythm, crew training, the run-down state of the ship and navigationmodes) in order to develop a view of an event as an indicator of a complex whole. This study is based on archives issuedby various admiralties of coastal Brittany

Les procédures d’avaries dans l’amirauté de Lorient (1782-1791)

Si le naufrage constitue l’acmé dans la hiérarchie des risques maritimes, il constitue également l’essentiel dans l’étude des accidents maritimes. Pour autant, si la perte totale d’un bâtiment constitue un drame humain, une catastrophe économique et une question de droit, le traitement des dommages survenus sur un navire ou sa cargaison durant un voyage révèlent que le principe de la division du risque était appliqué au transport maritime et que les modalités en étaient encadrées par des modalités juridiques particulières.Le présent article se propose, à travers le prisme des procédures d’avaries instruites entre 1782 et 1791 par l’amirauté de Lorient, de présenter l’activité de cette institution en la matière, ceci dans le contexte du commerce maritime de la Compagnie des Indes en cette fin de xviiie siècle. L’action de l’amirauté en matière de droit maritime, basée sur l’Ordonnance de la Marine de 1681, atteste du rôle des « experts » dans le règlement des contentieux juridico-maritimes, mêlant armateurs, marchands-chargeurs et assureurs. Il s’agit en effet, par le biais d’une procédure normalisée, de permettre la continuité du commerce par voie de mer en s’appuyant sur le droit, à partir d’expertises pratiquées à bord des navires ayant eu à subir une avarie.If the « shipwreck » is the acme in the hierarchy of maritime risks, it also remains in historiography the predominant element in the study of marine accidents. However, if the total loss of a ship is a human tragedy, an economic catastrophe and an object of law, damage occurred on a ship or its cargo during a trip also reveal important aspects of the problem of the sharing of maritime transport risks and its legal procedures.This article aims, through the prism of damage instructed procedures between 1782 and 1791 by the Admiralty of Lorient, to present the activity of this institution in this area in the context of the French East India Company at the end of the eighteenth century.The action of the Admiralty in maritime law, defined by the 1681 Maritime Order, emphasises the role of "Surveyors" provided by an institution in the resolution of legal and maritime cases combining ship owners, merchants-chargers and insurers.The aim was, through a standardised procedure, to ensure the continuity of trade by sea by relying on the law, on the basis of expert opinions carried out on board ships that had suffered damage

Synthèse du débat autour de la protection juridique du patrimoine sous-marin

International audienc