Later Marxist morality – Its relevance for Africa=s post-colonial situation

Marx’s polemic against exploitation focuses centrally on the idea that capitalism not only betrays the inviolability of the human individual, but also prevents the realization of man’s true nature as “species-being” and the realization of the kind of community appropriate to this nature, thus preventing the freeing of human potential from the structural force of capital. I examine this polemic with reference to the views of African philosophers (Hountondji and others) on Africa’s exposure to neo-colonial exploitation, extracting from it a view of morality as a plea for a “humanly human life”. I advance some considerations for acceptance of this plea as a basis for dealing with European domination

Die ‘Godvraagstuk’ enkele flitse

Op 9 November 1965 het ’n “doodberig” in ’n Amerikaanse tydskrif te Atlanta, Georgia, verskyn. Onder andere word gemeld: “God, creator of the universe, principal deity of the world’s Jews, ultimate reality of Chris­ tians, and most eminent of all divinities, died late yesterday during major surgery undertaken to correct a massive diminishing influence. Reaction from the world’s great and from the man in the street was uniformly in­ credulous ..... From Independence former president Harry S. Truman re- cieved the news in his Kansas City barbershop, and said, ‘I’m always sorry to hear somebody is dead. It’s a damn shame

Endangered man and the reply of the Christian from the viewpoint of theology*

In the story of creation (Gen. 1:26-2:3 and Gen. 2:4-25) the full emphasis falls firstly on the fact that man is the high point of Creation and then emphasis shifts to the fact that man represents the point of departure for history. On the one hand man is related to the lower orders of reality as he has been created out of the “dust of the earth” . On the other hand he should be distinguished on the grounds of principle as it emerges that he was created as the result of a deliberate mutual deliberation of the Trinity; God initiated his life by giving him breath; and it is of the greatest import that man was created in the image of God. As would appear from Genesis 5:3 where these same words are used in a reversed order, this double expression indicates that man was a likeness of God. This image has determined his humanity and has meant that he has a claim on communion with God through faith

Nutritional status of children in Alexandra township

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The use of risk management principles in planning an internal audit engagement

With the current growth in awareness of the value of internal audit services, the increased demand from various stakeholders, and the scarcity of competent internal auditors, the profession needs a new mindset, particularly in respect of the execution of internal audit activities. Although risk-based internal auditing is a fairly new concept, its implementation could assist internal auditors to audit ‘smarter’, that is, more effectively and efficiently. However, it is unclear whether the current concept of a risk-based internal audit engagement is in line with modern business practices, such as enterprise-wide risk management principles. Furthermore, it is also uncertain whether internal auditors share a single set of risk management principles and concepts, and how (or even if) these should be included in the internal audit engagement. This article explores the common understanding of what the planning phase of a risk-based internal audit engagement should entail when based on risk management principles, and identifies the organisational elements that should be in place that would make it easier for internal auditors to implement such a risk-driven approach when conducting engagements. The research methodology involved a literature review and structured interviews with chief audit executives of risk-mature organisations. The findings support the existence of uncertainty among chief audit executives regarding the use of risk management principles when performing risk-based internal audit engagements. Chief audit executives also appeared uncertain how to apply these principles to the planning and execution of internal audit engagements. Gaps and shortcomings identified by the research should be addressed by the Institute of Internal Auditors through developing more comprehensive guidance for their members.Key words: risk management, key risks, internal auditing, risk-based internal auditing, internal audit engagemen

Bouncing forward: families living with a type I diabetic child

Background: Despite the multitude of challenges that families living with a child with diabetes face, they have been found to adapt to such an extent that diabetes is viewed as a manageable condition. This study was concerned with the factors that enable these families to adapt. The internationally acclaimed Resiliency Model of Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation served as the framework to conceptualise the families’ adjustment and adaptation processes.Methods: The study was triangular in nature, with an exploratory, descriptive approach; non-probability purposive and snowball sampling techniques were employed. Sixteen families participated in the research. A biographical questionnaire, which included an open-ended question, to be completed in written format, was used in conjunction with seven structuredquestionnaires to gather relevant data. These seven structured questionnaires were an operationalisation of some of the key concepts and processes of the Resiliency Model. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the biographical information.Quantitative data were analysed by means of correlation analysis, while qualitative data were analysed by means of content analysis.Results: Various resilience factors were highlighted, including family time and routines, communication, hardiness, the acceptance of the diabetes, adherence to a treatment regimen, the obtaining of knowledge and skills, and working together as a family unit in managing the diabetes.Conclusions: Family plays a powerful role both in the treatment of chronic illness and in paediatric practice. This article highlights the central role of family in the management of type I diabetes and provides practitioners with insight into the challenges that families face, as well as the strengths that can be developed to improve their resilience in relation to this chronic illness. The identified variables are valuable, in that they can be used as a map to guide prevention and intervention efforts in helping families live with type I diabetes.Keywords: Type I diabetes; family resilience; the Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation; chronic illness management; family adaptation; family challeng

The effect of estrogen and tamoxifen on hepatocyte proliferation in Vivo and in Vitro

We have previously shown that changes in estrogen‐hepatocyte interaction occur during liver regeneration. Following 70% hepatectomy, estrogen levels in the blood were elevated, the number of estrogen receptors in the liver was increased and there was an active translocation of estrogen receptors from the cytosol to the nucleus. The injection of tamoxifen, an estrogen antagonist, inhibits hepatocyte proliferation following partial hepatectomy. The administration of 1 μg tamoxifen per gm body weight at zero time or 6 hr after the operation resulted in a significant inhibition both of DNA synthesis and of the number of cells in mitosis. Injections of tamoxifen 12 hr or later after the operation had no effect. Concomitant injections of equimolar amounts of estrogen abolished the inhibition by tamoxifen. The effects of estrogen and tamoxifen were also tested on hepatocytes in primary culture. Estrogens in the presence of 5% normal rat serum stimulated hepatocyte DNA synthesis as determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation and the labeling index, whereas epidermal growth factor‐induced DNA synthesis in the absence of normal rat serum was strongly inhibited. Tamoxifen, in contrast, inhibited DNA synthesis of hepatocytes in the presence of 5% normal rat serum and reversed the stimulatory effect of estrogen in the same system. Attempts to elucidate the mechanism of tamoxifen inhibition in vitro indicated that one effect of tamoxifen is to prevent the amiloride‐sensitive Na+ influx necessary to initiate hepatocyte proliferation. Copyright © 1989 American Association for the Study of Liver Disease

Different response to epidermal growth factor of hepatocytes in cultures isolated from male or female rat liver. Inhibitor effect of estrogen on binding and mitogenic effect of epidermal growth factor

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in hepatocytes isolated from the livers of male and female rats has been compared in monolayer culture. Plating efficiency, DNA and protein content, viability, and morphologic appearance were the same in cultures prepared with hepatocytes isolated from male or female rats. Epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced DNA synthesis was significantly higher in hepatocytes from male rats than in hepatocytes from female rats. This was the case whether hepatocytes were isolated from normal or partially hepatectomized male or female rats. Hepatocytes isolated from regenerating liver synthesize more DNA than those isolated from normal liver in response to EGF. This increased response to EGF in hepatocytes derived from regenerating liver was relatively the same for male- and female-derived hepatocytes, but the magnitude of the response was considerably higher in male-derived hepatocytes. In contrast, in vivo DNA synthesis in the liver remnant after partial hepatectomy was similar in male and female rats if measured 24 h after the operation. A comparison of EGF binding to male- and female-derived hepatocytes maintained in primary culture indicated a lower number of high-affinity receptors for EGF in the female hepatocytes. The addition of estrogen to primary cultures of hepatocytes isolated from male rats inhibited EGF binding as well as EGF-induced DNA synthesis. Our studies show significant differences in DNA synthesis in response to EGF when male and female hepatocytes are compared in primary culture. The regenerative response after partial hepatectomy, on the other hand, was the same in male and female rats. Thus, our studies indicate that the sex of the donor rat is important when hepatocytes in culture are used for a variety of studies, such as hepatocyte metabolism, induction and control of DNA synthesis, and hepatocarcinogenesis. In addition, our results indicate that caution is advised when inferences are made from in vitro findings for in vivo conditions. © 1987

Anaesthesia for transvenous transcatheter tricuspid valve-in-valve implantation

The authors report and discuss the anaesthetic management of a transvenous transcatheter tricuspid valve replacement. The conduct of anaesthesia, the challenges encountered and the specific risks associated with the procedure will be discussed. Percutaneous tricuspid valve replacement may be safely performed under general anaesthesia, provided that the procedure is understood and all possible eventualities considered. As the quality of percutaneous prostheses improves, and if longterm follow-up confirms this as a safe option, anaesthesiologists will be expected to provide perioperative care for a growing number of these cases.Keywords: transvenous, transcatheter, tricuspid prosthesis, valve-in-valve implantatio