Perceptions of service quality by clients and contact-personnel in the South African retail banking sector

A superior level of service quality is an important objective for South African retail banks. This paper investigates the levels of perceived service quality among 550 clients and 559 branch contactpersonnel in retail banks in central South Africa. The perceptions are compared, and the findings reveal that clients regard the levels of service they receive to be better than what the contact-personnel perceive them to be experiencing. The physical branch environment was also shown to be an important dimension of perceived service quality among retail clients. A cluster analysis identified three market segments to use when adopting marketing strategies, and the demographic factors of age, race and geographical location were found to be important considerations when developing these marketing strategies. An explicit micro-market marketing approach that is flexible and tailor-made to the characteristics of the location of the branch is a recommendation of the paper.Key words: service quality, central South Africa, retail bank

The Effect of Complete Integration of HIV and TB Services on Time to Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy: A Before-After Study.

Studies have shown that early ART initiation in TB/HIV co-infected patients lowers mortality. One way to implement earlier ART commencement could be through integration of TB and HIV services, a more efficient model of care than separate, vertical programs. We present a model of full TB/HIV integration and estimate its effect on time to initiation of ART

A window into a public programme for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV: evidence from a prospective clinical trial

Objectives. To evaluate efficacy of the antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal antiretroviral components of a public service prevention of mother-to-child (PMTCT) programme in infants.Design. Analysis of prospectively collected screening data of demographic and MTCT-related interventions and HIV infection status of infants identified through HIV-specific DNA polymerase chain reaction.Setting. Tygerberg Children’s Hospital, Western Cape, South Africa.Subjects. HIV-infected women and their infants identified through participation in a public service PMTCT programme were referred for possible participation in a prospective study of isoniazid prophylaxis.Interventions. Key components of the programme include voluntary counselling and testing, administration of zidovudine to the mother from between 28 and 34 weeks’ gestation and to the newborn infant for the firstweek, single-dose nevirapine to the mother in labour and to the newborn shortly after birth, and free formula for 6 months.Main outcome measures. Number and percentage of HIV-infected infants and extent of exposure to antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal antiretrovirals.Results. Of 656 infants with a median age of 12.6 weeks, screened between 1 April 2005 through May 2006, 39 were HIV-infected, giving a transmission rate of 5.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) 4.4 - 8.0%). Antenatal prophylaxis was significantly associated with reduced transmission (odds ratio (OR) 0.43 (95% CI 0.21 - 0.94)) as opposed to intrapartum and postpartum components (p=0.85 and p=0.84, respectively). In multivariable analysis the antenatal component remained significant (OR=0.40 (95% CI 0.19 - 0.90)).Conclusions. The antenatal phase is the most important antiretroviral component of the PMTCT programme, allowing most opportunity for intervention

Insecticide resistance in Anopheles arabiensis in Sudan: temporal trends and underlying mechanisms

Background: Malaria vector control in Sudan relies mainly on indoor residual spraying (IRS) and the use of long lasting insecticide treated bed nets (LLINs). Monitoring insecticide resistance in the main Sudanese malaria vector, Anopheles arabiensis, is essential for planning and implementing an effective vector control program in this country. Methods: WHO susceptibility tests were used to monitor resistance to insecticides from all four WHO-approved classes of insecticide at four sentinel sites in Gezira state over a three year period. Insecticide resistance mechanisms were studied using PCR and microarray analyses. Results: WHO susceptibility tests showed that Anopheles arabiensis from all sites were fully susceptible to bendiocarb and fenitrothion for the duration of the study (2008–2011). However, resistance to DDT and pyrethroids was detected at three sites, with strong seasonal variations evident at all sites. The 1014 F kdr allele was significantly associated with resistance to pyrethroids and DDT (P 7 in allelic tests). The 1014S allele was not detected in any of the populations tested. Microarray analysis of the permethrinresistant population of An. arabiensis from Wad Medani identified a number of metabolic genes that were significantly over-transcribed in the field-collected resistant samples when compared to the susceptible Sudanese An. arabiensis Dongola strain. These included CYP6M2 and CYP6P3, two genes previously implicated in pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.s, and the epsilon-class glutathione-S-transferase, GSTe4. Conclusions: These data suggest that both target-site mechanisms and metabolic mechanisms play an important role in conferring pyrethroid resistance in An. arabiensis from Sudan. Identification in An. arabiensis of candidate loci that have been implicated in the resistance phenotype in An. gambiae requires further investigation to confirm the role of these genes

Carriage of Haemophilus influenzae in Cape Town children

Little is known about the epideIDiology of Haemophilus influenzae infections in South Africa. This study was designed to determine the prevalence, serotype distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and effect of age and hospitalisation on the carriage of H. influenzae in 322 Cape Town children.The overall and type b specific carriage rates in normal children (N =107) were 45,8% and 4,7% respectively. The yield following nasopharyngeal culture was twice that following throat culture (P < 0,001). Children hospitalised with tuberculosis (N =62) had significantly greater carriage rates, 66,1% and 37,1% respectively (P =0,02). Institutionalised mentally handicapped children (N =77) and children with tuberculosis attending an outpatient clinic (N =76) had lower carriage rates (P < 0,02). Antimicrobial resistance was a major problem only in children hospitalised with tuberculosis (rifampicin 100%, penicillin 43,9%, erythromycin 85,4%, co-trimoxazole 82,9%). This universal resistance to rifampicin has not been reported previously. There was no difference in the mean age of children with positive or negative cultures, with the exception of those hospitalised with tuberculosis. In this group children infected with type b were much younger (mean 19,7 months) than those with other and non-typeableinfections (32,1 months) and the non-infected(50,1 months) (P =0,04). Duration of hospitalisation or outpatient therapy in the patients with tuberculosis did not influence carriage rates.We conclude that carriage of H. influenzae in normal children is similar to that reported from other countries and that carriage, particularly of type b, in children hospitalised with tuberculosis was of significance and probably contributed to an outbreak of multi-resistant invasive H. influenzae disease in this group

Immunolocalization of KATP channel subunits in mouse and rat cardiac myocytes and the coronary vasculature.

BACKGROUND: Electrophysiological data suggest that cardiac KATP channels consist of Kir6.2 and SUR2A subunits, but the distribution of these (and other KATP channel subunits) is poorly defined. We examined the localization of each of the KATP channel subunits in the mouse and rat heart. RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry of cardiac cryosections demonstrate Kir6.1 protein to be expressed in ventricular myocytes, as well as in the smooth muscle and endothelial cells of coronary resistance vessels. Endothelial capillaries also stained positive for Kir6.1 protein. Kir6.2 protein expression was found predominantly in ventricular myocytes and also in endothelial cells, but not in smooth muscle cells. SUR1 subunits are strongly expressed at the sarcolemmal surface of ventricular myocytes (but not in the coronary vasculature), whereas SUR2 protein was found to be localized predominantly in cardiac myocytes and coronary vessels (mostly in smaller vessels). Immunocytochemistry of isolated ventricular myocytes shows co-localization of Kir6.2 and SUR2 proteins in a striated sarcomeric pattern, suggesting t-tubular expression of these proteins. Both Kir6.1 and SUR1 subunits were found to express strongly at the sarcolemma. The role(s) of these subunits in cardiomyocytes remain to be defined and may require a reassessment of the molecular nature of ventricular KATP channels. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our data demonstrate unique cellular and subcellular KATP channel subunit expression patterns in the heart. These results suggest distinct roles for KATP channel subunits in diverse cardiac structures

DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF KEY FISH SPECIES OF THE SOUTHERN BENGUELA ECOSYSTEM: AN APPROACH COMBINING FISHERY-DEPENDENT AND FISHERY-INDEPENDENT DATA

Within the context of an ecosystem approach for fisheries, there is a need for quantitative information on distributions of key marine species. This information is valuable input for modelling species interactions in the southern Benguela ecosystem. In the present study, a method is described for mapping the density distribution of 15 key species: anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus, sardine Sardinops sagax, round herring Etrumeus whiteheadi, chub mackerel Scomber japonicus, horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus capensis, lanternfish Lampanyctodes hectoris, lightfish Maurolicus muelleri, albacore Thunnus alalunga, bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus, yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares, silver kob Argyrosomus inodorus, snoek Thyrsites atun, Cape hake Merluccius spp., kingklip Genypterus capensis and chokka squid Loligo vulgaris reynaudi. The purpose was to make use of all available sources of data to extend the spatial and temporal coverage of the southern Benguela. Six sources of data were combined on a 10´ × 10´ cell grid in a Geographical Information System: acoustic and demersal surveys conducted by Marine and Coastal Management (MCM), and pelagic, demersal (including midwater trawl), hake-directed and tuna-directed longline commercial landings data collected by MCM. Comparisons of distributions between two periods (1980s and 1990s) and between two semesters (April –September and October–March) were conducted, but biases as a result of major differences in sampling strategy prevented detailed analysis for certain species. Maps of density distributions are nevertheless presented here and the method to determine them is discussed.Afr. J. mar. Sci. 26: 115–13

First Measurements with NeXtRAD, a Polarimetric X/L Band Radar Network

NeXtRAD is a fully polarimetric, X/L Band radar network. It is a development of the older NetRAD system and builds on the experience gained with extensive deployments of NetRAD for sea clutter and target measurements. In this paper we will report on the first measurements with NeXtRAD, looking primarily at sea clutter and some targets, as well as early attempts at calibration using corner reflectors, and an assessment of the polarimetric response of the system. We also highlight innovations allowing for efficient data manipulation post measurement campaigns, as well as the plans for the coming years with this system