Ghosts of Alabama: The Prosecution of Bobby Frank Cherry for the Bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church

Perhaps no other crime in American history has shocked the conscience of America like the 1963 bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama. In May of 2002- almost thirty-nine years after the bombing- Bobby Frank Cherry was brought to trial for the murders of Addie, Carole, Cynthia, and Denise. He was the last person to be tried for the bombing. As an Assistant United States Attorney in Birmingham, Alabama it was my privilege to be a part of the prosecution team that brought Cherry to justice. This Article tells the story of that prosecution and explores the question of whether such trials, so long after the events in question, serve any useful purpose

A Profile of Till Plain Archeology: A Survey of Hancock County Indiana

This document is publication associated with investigation number 71 in Ball State University's AAL (Applied Archaeological Laboratories) Report of Investigations series.This Historic Preservation Fund grant project investigated the archaeological resources of Hancock County. Nearly 800 acres of agricultural land were surveyed by pedestrian transects. The survey recorded 161 new archaeological sites, recovered 702 prehistoric artifacts and 950 historic artifacts from 14 locations across the county. The project also visited over 100 historically documented sites and recorded 13 new and two previously recorded sites German Settlement in Sugar Creek Township was investigated. Several local collections were reviewed and correlated to 17 archaeological sites. In total, 193 archaeological site inventory forms were completed. To assist in the management of archaeological data from Hancock County, a GIS database was also created. The information obtained from this project was then compared to regional information. While Hancock County archaeology is analogous to the till plain region, unique environmental characteristics distinguish the county. The abundance of poorly drained soils in the county amplifies the relationship of well drained soils and prehistoric settlement

Police-Worn Body Cameras: An Antidote to the \u27Ferguson Effect\u27?

You are a police officer working the night shift in a major U.S. city. In the dark hours of the early morning, you come across a group of young males in a part of the city known for criminal activity. When they see your patrol car, the young men stop what they are doing and look away quickly. All of your training, as well as the instincts that you have developed over years patrolling these same streets, tells you to stop and at least attempt to start a conversation with the group to determine whether criminal activity is afoot and perhaps prevent it. There is, however, a nagging thought in the back of your head. Isn’t it possible – or perhaps likely – that someone in the group or nearby will have a video device and record the encounter? What if the crowd attempts to provoke a confrontation and then records it? What if the recording is posted to the Internet or sent to the media? Should such thoughts temper your judgment in this situation? Would they make you hesitate to get out of the car? Would it make a difference to you if you knew that you were wearing a body camera – one that you controlled, that would record your view of the situation, with images that could not be disposed of or edited after the fact by someone intending to deprive viewers of necessary context? This Article explores the questions raised by this scenario, focusing on police-worn body cameras, the role these cameras may play in officer-citizen encounters, and the resolution of legal disputes that arise from such encounters. Part II discusses what role, if any, citizen-recorded videos and the effect they have on society play in the prevalence of crime – what has sometimes been called the “Ferguson effect.” Part III explores the role police-worn body cameras could play in counteracting any such effect, addressing arguments in favor of body cameras and exploring their potential to encourage positive police and citizen behavior. Part IV then considers potential concerns about the use of body cameras, exploring arguments against their use and their potential to hinder police behavior. Finally, Part V offers conclusions and recommendations on the issue of police-worn body cameras

Police-Worn Body Cameras: An Antidote to the “Ferguson Effect”?

This Article explores the questions raised by this scenario, focusing on police-worn body cameras, the role these cameras may play in officer-citizen encounters, and the resolution of legal disputes that arise from such encounters. Part II discusses what role, if any, citizen-recorded videos and the effect they have on society play in the prevalence of crime – what has sometimes been called the “Ferguson effect.” Part III explores the role police-worn body cameras could play in counteracting any such effect, addressing arguments in favor of body cameras and exploring their potential to encourage positive police and citizen behavior. Part IV then considers potential concerns about the use of body cameras, exploring arguments against their use and their potential to hinder police behavior. Finally, Part V offers conclusions and recommendations on the issue of police-worn body cameras

Use of Pyrolysis GC/MS for Predicting Emission Byproducts from the Incineration of Double-Base Propellant

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to analyze the pyrolytic byproducts from an Army-unique propellant compound (AA2) that is composed of predominantly nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin. Compounds produced by AA2 pyrolysis were compared to compounds detected in the gaseous effluent from AA2 incineration. The light permanent gases and most of the higher molecular weight byproducts produced by AA2 incineration are replicated by laboratory pyrolysis on AA2. The reverse case also holds whereby 18 out of 24 high molecular weight AA2 pyrolytic byproducts are found in the incinerator emissions. Poor matching, however, was obtained between the two processes for the volatile, water-soluble species. None of these low molecular weight compounds produced under pyrolytic conditions were detected in the AA2 incinerator samples, likely indicating inefficient capture of these compounds from the effluent stream. Separate pyrolytic degradation of the individual components of AA2 provides evidence that nearly all of the incomplete combustion products detected during incineration originate not from the prevalent energetic ingredients but rather from the minor and trace additives in AA2. In addition, pyrolysis successfully identified the AA2 components capable of surviving the incineration process intact. This work illustrates the potential of bench-scale pyrolysis for predicting incineration behavior

Insecticide Toxicity, Synergism, and Resistance in the German Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)

The toxicity of, synergism of, and resistance to insecticides in four strains of German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), were investigated. Toxicity of nine insecticides by topical application to the susceptible strain varied \u3e2,000-fold, with deltamethrin (LD50 = 0.004 μg per cockroach) and malathion (LD50 = 8.4 μg per cockroach) being the most and least toxic, respectively. Resistance to pyrethrins (9.5-fold) in the Kenly strain was unaffected by the synergists piperonyl butoxide (PBO) or S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate( DEE), suggesting that metabolism is not involved in this case. Malathion resistance in the Rutgers strain was suppressible with PBO, implicating oxidative metabolism as a resistance mechanism. The Ectiban-R strain was resistant to all the pyrethroids tested, and cypermethrin resistance was not suppressible with PBO or DEE. These findings support results of previous studies that indicated this strain has a kdr-like mechanism. Bendiocarb resistance in both the Kenly and Rutgers strains was partially suppressed by either PBO or DEE, suggesting that oxidative and hydrolytic metabolism are involved in the resistance. Trends between the effects of the synergists on the susceptible versus resistant strains are discussed

Response of Spring Barley (Hordeum vulgare) to Herbicides

‘Karla’, ‘Klages\u27, ‘Morex’, and ‘Steptoe’ cultivars of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) differed in susceptibility to postemergence recommended application rates of diclofop {(±)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy] propanoic acid}, difenzoquat [1,2-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolium], chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide}, and metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] in 1981 and 1982. Metribuzin injured Morex, and difenzoquat injured all cultivars within 2 weeks after herbicide application. Metribuzin reduced height and crop biomass compared to the hand-weeded control. Herbicide treatments did not affect grain yield at Moscow, ID, in either year. However, metribuzin reduced yield of Karla and Morex, and diclofop reduced yield of Karla compared to the hand-weeded control at Pullman, WA, in 1982. Barley injury and grain yield loss depended on herbicide treatment and cultivar. Early season herbicide injury to barley did not indicate grain yield response at harvest

MOSAIC: A Scalable reconfigurable 2D array system for NDT

This paper documents the development of a scalable 2D array system, or Mosaic that can be targeted at a wide range of NDT applications by way of a reconfigurable tile that can be tessellated to form arrays of any size and shape. Close coupling permits utilization of excitation voltages as low as +/-3.3V with insertion loss of 48dB on reflection from an aluminum back wall at 73mm achieved using 2D arrays without decoding

Depth Determination of the 2010 El Mayor‐Cucapah Earthquake Sequence (M≥4.0)

The 2010 M_W 7.2 El Mayor‐Cucapah earthquake ruptured a zone of ~120 km in length in northern Baja California. The geographic distribution of this earthquake sequence was well constrained by waveform relocation. The depth distribution, however, was poorly determined as it is near the edge of, or outside, the Southern California Seismic Network. Here we use two complementary methods to constrain the focal depths of moderate‐sized events (M ≥ 4.0) in this sequence. We first determine the absolute earthquake depth by modeling the regional depth phases at high frequencies (~1 Hz). We mainly focus on Pn and its depth phases pPn and sPn, which arrive early at regional distance and are less contaminated by crustal multiples. To facilitate depth phase identification and to improve signal‐to‐noise ratio, we take advantage of the dense Southern California Seismic Network and use array analysis to align and stack Pn waveforms. For events without clear depth phases, we further determine their relative depths with respect to those with known depths using differential travel times of the Pn, direct P, and direct S phases recorded for event pairs. Focal depths of 93 out of 122 M ≥ 4.0 events are tightly constrained with absolute uncertainty of about 1 km. Aftershocks are clustered in the depth range of 3–10 km, suggesting a relatively shallow seismogenic zone, consistent with high surface heat flow in this region. Most aftershocks are located outside or near the lower terminus of coseismic high‐slip patches of the main shock, which may be governed by residual strains, local stress concentration, or postseismic slip