Comparative analysis of thalamic and hippocampal volume in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy responsive or not to drug therapy

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the variation of thalamic and hippocampal volume in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) refractory or responsive to drug therapy. METHODS: We analyzed 26 patients with MTLE responsive to drug therapy, 25 refractory and 23 controls through the manual delineation of anatomic limits of the hippocampus and thalamus, in sequential sections of MR images. The DISPLAY software was used. Statistical analysis was performed using the program Systat 9. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between controls and patients groups for thalamic volumes ipsilateral to epileptogenic focus (p=0.00004). There was no statistical difference between the 3 groups for the volumes of the thalamus contralateral to the epileptogenic focus. There was significant correlation between ipsilateral hippocampus and thalamus ipsilateral to epileptogenic focus (r=0.35, p=0.004). The older the age, the lower the ipsilateral thalamic volume (p=0.002 and r=-0.37). CONCLUSION: The data showed that hippocampal atrophy is also present in patients with TLE and good seizure control. The atrophy of thalamus was correlated with the age of patients, which may also indicate that other factors besides the seizure frequency influences the degree of damage of this structure.OBJETIVO: Verificar variação no volume hipocampal e talâmico entre pacientes com epilepsia de lobo temporal mesial (ELTM) refratários ou responsivos ao tratamento medicamentoso. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 26 pacientes com ELTM com boa resposta ao tratamento medicamentoso (grupo benigno), 25 refratários e 23 controles por meio do delineamento manual dos limites anatômicos do hipocampo e tálamo, em cortes sequenciais das imagens de RM. O Software DISPLAY foi utilizado. Análise estatística foi realizada com o programa Systat 9. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença estatística entre os controles e os grupos benigno e refratário para os volumes do tálamo ipsilateral ao foco epileptogênico (p=0,00004). Não houve diferença estatística entre os três grupos para os volumes de tálamo contralateral ao foco epileptogênico. Houve correlação significativa entre hipocampo ipsilateral e tálamo ipsilateral ao foco epileptogênico (r=0,35 e p=0,004). Quanto maior a idade, menor o volume talâmico ipsilateral (p=0,002 e r=-0,37). CONCLUSÃO: Os dados demonstraram que atrofia hipocampal está presente também em pacientes com ELTM e bom controle medicamentoso, sem diferença significativa com a atrofia de pacientes refratários. A atrofia do tálamo foi correlacionada com a idade dos pacientes, o que também pode indicar que outros fatores além da frequência de crises influenciam o grau de lesão nesta estrutura.414

Recent developments in the genetics of childhood epileptic encephalopathies: impact in clinical practice

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Recent advances in molecular genetics led to the discovery of several genes for childhood epileptic encephalopathies (CEEs). As the knowledge about the genes associated with this group of disorders develops, it becomes evident that CEEs present a number of specific genetic characteristics, which will influence the use of molecular testing for clinical purposes. Among these, there are the presence of marked genetic heterogeneity and the high frequency of de novo mutations. Therefore, the main objectives of this review paper are to present and discuss current knowledge regarding i) new genetic findings in CEEs, ii) phenotype-genotype correlations in different forms of CEEs; and, most importantly, iii) the impact of these new findings in clinical practice. Accompanying this text we have included a comprehensive table, containing the list of genes currently known to be involved in the etiology of CEEs.Recent advances in molecular genetics led to the discovery of several genes for childhood epileptic encephalopathies (CEEs). As the knowledge about the genes associated with this group of disorders develops, it becomes evident that CEEs present a number o7311946958FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)sem informaçãosem informaçã

Multimodal Analysis of SCN1A Missense Variants Improves Interpretation of Clinically Relevant Variants in Dravet Syndrome

Objective: We aimed to improve the classification of SCN1A missense variants in patients with Dravet syndrome (DS) by combining and modifying the current variants classification criteria to minimize inconclusive test results.Methods: We established a score classification workflow based on evidence of pathogenicity to adapt the classification of DS-related SCN1A missense variants. In addition, we compiled the variants reported in the literature and our cohort and assessed the proposed pathogenic classification criteria. We combined information regarding previously established pathogenic amino acid changes, mode of inheritance, population-specific allele frequencies, localization within protein domains, and deleterious effect prediction analysis.Results: Our meta-analysis showed that 46% (506/1,101) of DS-associated SCN1A variants are missense. We applied the score classification workflow and 56.5% (286/506) of the variants had their classification changed from VUS: 17.8% (90/506) into “pathogenic” and 38.7% (196/506) as “likely pathogenic.”Conclusion: Our results indicate that using multimodal analysis seems to be the best approach to interpret the pathogenic impact of SCN1A missense changes for the molecular diagnosis of patients with DS. By applying the proposed workflow, most DS related SCN1A variants had their classification improved

Differences in Cortical Structure and Functional MRI Connectivity in High Functioning Autism

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) represent a complex group of neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by deficits in communication and social behaviors. We examined the functional connectivity (FC) of the default mode network (DMN) and its relation to multimodal morphometry to investigate superregional, system-level alterations in a group of 22 adolescents and young adults with high-functioning autism compared to age-, and intelligence quotient-matched 29 healthy controls. The main findings were that ASD patients had gray matter (GM) reduction, decreased cortical thickness and larger cortical surface areas in several brain regions, including the cingulate, temporal lobes, and amygdala, as well as increased gyrification in regions associated with encoding visual memories and areas of the sensorimotor component of the DMN, more pronounced in the left hemisphere. Moreover, patients with ASD had decreased connectivity between the posterior cingulate cortex, and areas of the executive control component of the DMN and increased FC between the anteromedial prefrontal cortex and areas of the sensorimotor component of the DMN. Reduced cortical thickness in the right inferior frontal lobe correlated with higher social impairment according to the scores of the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R). Reduced cortical thickness in left frontal regions, as well as an increased cortical thickness in the right temporal pole and posterior cingulate, were associated with worse scores on the communication domain of the ADI-R. We found no association between scores on the restrictive and repetitive behaviors domain of ADI-R with structural measures or FC. The combination of these structural and connectivity abnormalities may help to explain some of the core behaviors in high-functioning ASD and need to be investigated further

The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment: Exploring Fundamental Symmetries of the Universe

The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early Universe, the dynamics of the supernova bursts that produced the heavy elements necessary for life and whether protons eventually decay --- these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our Universe, its current state and its eventual fate. The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) represents an extensively developed plan for a world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions. LBNE is conceived around three central components: (1) a new, high-intensity neutrino source generated from a megawatt-class proton accelerator at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, (2) a near neutrino detector just downstream of the source, and (3) a massive liquid argon time-projection chamber deployed as a far detector deep underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility. This facility, located at the site of the former Homestake Mine in Lead, South Dakota, is approximately 1,300 km from the neutrino source at Fermilab -- a distance (baseline) that delivers optimal sensitivity to neutrino charge-parity symmetry violation and mass ordering effects. This ambitious yet cost-effective design incorporates scalability and flexibility and can accommodate a variety of upgrades and contributions. With its exceptional combination of experimental configuration, technical capabilities, and potential for transformative discoveries, LBNE promises to be a vital facility for the field of particle physics worldwide, providing physicists from around the globe with opportunities to collaborate in a twenty to thirty year program of exciting science. In this document we provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess.Comment: Major update of previous version. This is the reference document for LBNE science program and current status. Chapters 1, 3, and 9 provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess. 288 pages, 116 figure

Understanding The Spectrum Of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Contributions For The Development Of Individualized Therapies.

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a subtype of epilepsy in which individuals present with seizure semiology and electroencephalographic characteristics that point to an ictal onset in mesial temporal structures. The diagnosis of TLE involves different etiologies, the most common being hippocampal sclerosis, but up to 20% of TLE patients have no detectable structural lesions on modern MRIs. A variability of antiepileptic drug response and surgical prognosis is observed in TLE. The understanding of the differences among patients with TLE can facilitate the development of individualized and more efficient therapeutics. In this study, we will address the recent contributions of neuroimaging, neurophysiology, genetics and histopathology to the comprehension of the spectrum of TLE with and without MRI signs of hippocampal sclerosis and how the advances in these areas have helped to improve surgical treatments.131383-9

Delineating behavioral and cognitive phenotypes in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: are we missing the forest for the trees?

Patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) have executive dysfunction and impulsive traits. There are lines of evidence that JME is a heterogeneous epilepsy syndrome considering outcome. In this study, we aimed to analyze this heterogeneity beyond seizure control. The objective was to identify whether the pattern of cognitive dysfunction and impulse control is also heterogeneous, in an attempt to establish possible differences in patients with easy-and hard-to-control epilepsies. Essentially, 57 patients with JME were compared with 44 controls. Patients and controls were assessed with a neuropsychological battery for executive, attention, and memory functions. The expression of impulsive traits was evaluated with the Temperament and Character Inventory - novelty seeking domain. Then, patients were categorized according to seizure control as having easy-and hard-to-control JME. Patients with hard-to-control JME showed worse performance in 12 out of 25 neuropsychological tests than those with easy-to-control JME. Patients with hard-to-control JME also demonstrated significantly higher scores in novelty seeking -subfactor impulsiveness (p=0.002). Our study demonstrated the existence of distinct or more severe cognitive and psychiatric profiles in a subset of patients with JME. Patients with treatment-refractory seizures seem to present a broader impairment related to both cognitive deficits and impulsive traits. These findings suggest that patients with JME are not equally compromised by executive and memory deficits or dysfunction, neither by their impulsive traits. Thus, there is a need for a better characterization of patients with JME to include diverse phenotypes since our results suggest a possible existence of distinct groups of patients with JME549599CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP307262/2011-105/56464-9; 07/52110-

Eeg-fmri In The Presurgical Evaluation Of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) often requires thorough investigation to define the epileptogenic zone for surgical treatment. We used simultaneous interictal scalp EEG-fMRI to evaluate its value for predicting long-term postsurgical outcome. Methods 30 patients undergoing presurgical evaluation and proceeding to temporal lobe (TL) resection were studied. Interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) were identified on intra-MRI EEG and used to build a model of haemodynamic changes. In addition, topographic electroencephalographic correlation maps were calculated between the average IED during videoEEG and intra-MRI EEG, and used as a condition. This allowed the analysis of all data irrespective of the presence of IED on intra-MRI EEG. Mean follow-up after surgery was 46 months. International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) outcomes 1 and 2 were considered good, and 3-6 poor, surgical outcome. Haemodynamic maps were classified according to the presence (Concordant) or absence (Discordant) of Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) change in the TL overlapping with the surgical resection. Results The proportion of patients with good surgical outcome was significantly higher (13/16; 81%) in the Concordant than in the Discordant group (3/14; 21%) (chi(2) test, Yates correction, p=0.003) and multivariate analysis showed that Concordant BOLD maps were independently related to good surgical outcome (p=0.007). Sensitivity and specificity of EEG-fMRI results to identify patients with good surgical outcome were 81% and 79%, respectively, and positive and negative predictive values were 81% and 79%, respectively. Interpretation The presence of significant BOLD changes in the area of resection on interictal EEG-fMRI in patients with TLE retrospectively confirmed the epileptogenic zone. Surgical resection including regions of haemodynamic changes in the TL may lead to better postoperative outcome.876642649Department of Health's NIHR Biomedical Research CentresCentral and East London NIHR CLRNSao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) [2009/54552-9, 2011/03477-7]Swiss National Science Foundation [SNSF 141165, 140332]Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP