Corrigendum to "Geomagnetic activity related NOx enhancements and polar surface air temperature variability in a chemistry climate model: modulation of the NAM index" published in Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4521–4531, 2011

No abstract available

Effects of solar wind magnetosphere coupling recorded at different geomagnetic latitudes: Separation of directly-driven and storage/release systems

The effect on geomagnetic activity of solar wind speed, compared with that of the strength of the interplanetary magnetic field, differs with geomagnetic latitude. In this study we construct a new index based on monthly standard deviations in the H-component of the geomagnetic field for all geomagnetic latitudes. We demonstrate that for this index the response at auroral regions correlates best with interplanetary coupling functions which include the solar wind speed while mid- and low-latitude regions respond to variations in the interplanetary magnetic field strength. These results are used to isolate the responsible geomagnetic current systems

Missing driver in the Sun–Earth connection from energetic electron precipitation impacts mesospheric ozone

Energetic electron precipitation (EEP) from the Earth’s outer radiation belt continuously affects the chemical composition of the polar mesosphere. EEP can contribute to catalytic ozone loss in the mesosphere through ionization and enhanced production of odd hydrogen. However, the long-term mesospheric ozone variability caused by EEP has not been quantified or confirmed to date. Here we show, using observations from three different satellite instruments, that EEP events strongly affect ozone at 60–80 km, leading to extremely large (up to 90%) short-term ozone depletion. This impact is comparable to that of large, but much less frequent, solar proton events. On solar cycle timescales, we find that EEP causes ozone variations of up to 34% at 70–80 km. With such a magnitude, it is reasonable to suspect that EEP could be an important part of solar influence on the atmosphere and climate syste

Lightning driven inner radiation belt energy deposition into the atmosphere: regional and global estimates

International audienceIn this study we examine energetic electron precipitation fluxes driven by lightning, in order to determine the global distribution of energy deposited into the middle atmosphere. Previous studies using lightning-driven precipitation burst rates have estimated losses from the inner radiation belts. In order to confirm the reliability of those rates and the validity of the conclusions drawn from those studies, we have analyzed New Zealand data to test our global understanding of troposphere to magnetosphere coupling. We examine about 10000h of AbsPAL recordings made from 17 April 2003 through to 26 June 2004, and analyze subionospheric very-low frequency (VLF) perturbations observed on transmissions from VLF transmitters in Hawaii (NPM) and western Australia (NWC). These observations are compared with those previously reported from the Antarctic Peninsula. The perturbation rates observed in the New Zealand data are consistent with those predicted from the global distribution of the lightning sources, once the different experimental configurations are taken into account. Using lightning current distributions rather than VLF perturbation observations we revise previous estimates of typical precipitation bursts at L~2.3 to a mean precipitation energy flux of ~1×10-3 ergs cm-2s-1. The precipitation of energetic electrons by these bursts in the range L=1.9-3.5 will lead to a mean rate of energy deposited into the atmosphere of 3×10-4 ergs cm-2min-1, spatially varying from a low of zero above some ocean regions to highs of ~3-6×10-3 ergs cm-2min-1 above North America and its conjugate region

Substorm-induced energetic electron precipitation:impact on atmospheric chemistry

Magnetospheric substorms drive energetic electron precipitation into the Earth's atmosphere. We use the output from a substorm model to describe electron precipitation forcing of the atmosphere during an active substorm period in April–May 2007. We provide the first estimate of substorm impact on the neutral composition of the polar middle atmosphere. Model simulations show that the enhanced ionization from a series of substorms leads to an estimated ozone loss of 5–50% in the mesospheric column depending on season. This is similar in scale to small to medium solar proton events (SPEs). This effect on polar ozone balance is potentially more important on long time scales (months to years) than the impulsive but sporadic (few SPE/year versus three to four substorms/day) effect of SPEs. Our results suggest that substorms should be considered an important source of energetic particle precipitation into the atmosphere and included in high-top chemistry-climate models

A multi-instrument approach to determining the source‐region extent of EEP-driving EMIC Waves

Recent years have seen debate regarding the ability of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves to drive EEP (energetic electron precipitation) into the Earth's atmosphere. Questions still remain regarding the energies and rates at which these waves are able to interact with electrons. Many studies have attempted to characterize these interactions using simulations; however, these are limited by a lack of precise information regarding the spatial scale size of EMIC activity regions. In this study we examine a fortuitous simultaneous observation of EMIC wave activity by the RBSP‐B and Arase satellites in conjunction with ground‐based observations of EEP by a subionospheric VLF network. We describe a simple method for determining the longitudinal extent of the EMIC source region based on these observations, calculating a width of 0.75 hr MLT and a drift rate of 0.67 MLT/hr. We describe how this may be applied to other similar EMIC wave events

Ground-based Ku-band microwave observations of ozone in the polar middle atmosphere

Ground-based observations of 11.072 GHz atmospheric ozone (O3) emission have been made using the NyÅlesund Ozone in the Mesosphere Instrument (NAOMI) at the UK Arctic Research Station (latitude 78 550000 N, longitude 11 5505900 E), Spitsbergen. Seasonally averaged O3 vertical profiles in the Arctic polar mesosphere–lower thermosphere region for night-time and twilight conditions in the period 15 August 2017 to 15 March 2020 have been retrieved over the altitude range 62–98 km. NAOMI measurements are compared with corresponding, overlapping observations by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) satellite instrument. The NAOMI and SABER version 2.0 data are binned according to the SABER instrument 60 d yaw cycles into nominal 3-month “winter” (15 December–15 March), “autumn” (15 August– 15 November), and “summer” (15 April–15 July) periods. The NAOMI observations show the same year-to-year and seasonal variabilities as the SABER 9.6 μm O3 data. The winter night-time (solar zenith angle, SZA 110 ) and twilight (75 SZA 110 ) NAOMI and SABER 9.6 μm O3 volume mixing ratio (VMR) profiles agree to within the measurement uncertainties. However, for autumn twilight conditions the SABER 9.6 μm O3 secondary maximum VMR values are higher than NAOMI over altitudes 88–97 km by 47% and 59 %, respectively in 2017 and 2018. Comparing the two SABER channels which measure O3 at different wavelengths and use different processing schemes, the 9.6 μm O3 autumn twilight VMR data for the three years 2017–2019 are higher than the corresponding 1.27 μm measurements with the largest difference (58 %) in the 65–95 km altitude range similar to the NAOMI observation. The SABER 9.6 μm O3 summer daytime (SZA<75 ) mesospheric O3 VMR is also consistently higher than the 1.27 μm measurement, confirming previously reported differences between the SABER 9.6 μm channel and measurements of mesospheric O3 by other satellite instruments

An updated model providing long-term data sets of energetic electron precipitation, including zonal dependence

In this study 30‐ to 1,000‐keV energetic electron precipitation (EEP) data from low Earth orbiting National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and MetOp Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites were processed in two improved ways, compared to previous studies. First, all noise‐affected data were more carefully removed, to provide more realistic representations of low fluxes during geomagnetically quiet times. Second, the data were analyzed dependent on magnetic local time (MLT), which is an important factor affecting precipitation flux characteristics. We developed a refined zonally averaged EEP model, and a new model dependent on MLT, which both provide better modeling of low fluxes during quiet times. The models provide the EEP spectrum assuming a power law gradient. Using the geomagnetic index Ap with a time resolution of 1 day, the spectral parameters are provided as functions of the L shell value relative to the plasmapause. Results from the models compare well with EEP observations over the period 1998–2012. Analysis of the MLT‐dependent data finds that during magnetically quiet times, the EEP flux concentrates around local midnight. As disturbance levels increase, the flux increases at all MLT. During disturbed times, the flux is strongest in the dawn sector and weakest in the late afternoon sector. The MLT‐dependent model emulates this behavior. The results of the models can be used to produce ionization rate data sets over any time period for which the geomagnetic Ap index is available (recorded or predicted). This ionization rate data set will enable simulations of EEP impacts on the atmosphere and climate with realistic EEP variability