Increasing Oxygen Radicals and Water Temperature Select for Toxic Microcystis sp.

Pronounced rises in frequency of toxic cyanobacterial blooms are recently observed worldwide, particularly when temperatures increase. Different strains of cyanobacterial species vary in their potential to produce toxins but driving forces are still obscure. Our study examines effects of hydrogen peroxide on toxic and non-toxic (including a non-toxic mutant) strains of M. aeruginosa. Here we show that hydrogen peroxide diminishes chlorophyll a content and growth of cyanobacteria and that this reduction is significantly lower for toxic than for non-toxic strains. This indicates that microcystins protect from detrimental effects of oxygen radicals. Incubation of toxic and non-toxic strains of M. aeruginosa with other bacteria or without (axenic) at three temperatures (20, 26 and 32uC) reveals a shift toward toxic strains at higher temperatures. In parallel to increases in abundance of toxic (i.e. toxin gene possessing) strains and their actual toxin expression, concentrations of microcystins rise with temperature, when amounts of radicals are expected to be enhanced. Field samples from three continents support the influence of radicals and temperature on toxic potential of M. aeruginosa. Our results imply that global warming will significantly increase toxic potential and toxicity of cyanobacterial blooms which has strong implications for socio-economical assessments of global change

Importance of untraditional marketing in modern enterprise

Bakalaura darba tēma ir netradicionālā mārketinga loma mūsdienu uzņēmumā. Bakalaura darba mērķis ir novērtēt netradicionālā mārketinga lomu mūsdienu uzņēmuma darbībā, izpētīt inovatīvu mārketinga pasākumu lietderību, analizējot šī brīža situāciju nozares tirgū un izstrādāt priekšlikumus uzņēmuma mārketinga darbības rezultātu uzlabošanai. Mērķa sasniegšanai tika izvirzīti sekojoši uzdevumi: 1. izpētīt teorētiskās atziņas netradicionālā mārketinga veidošanā un ieviešanā; 2. netradicionālā mārketinga veidu novērtējums; 3. sniegt ieskatu inovatīvu ideju ieviešanai uzņēmuma mārketinga pasākumos, ņemot vērā kopējās tendences nozares tirgū; 4. veikt aptauju un sniegt datu apkopojumu par patērētāju attieksmi pret inovatīvām mārketinga metodēm; 5. sniegt secinājumus un priekšlikumus par alternatīvā mārketinga nozīmi mūsdienu uzņēmumā. Bakalaura darba pirmajā daļā novērtēti tradicionālie mārketinga veidi un pasākumi uzņēmuma darbībā no teorētiskā viedokļa. Bakalaura darba otrajā daļā novērtēti mūsdienu netradicionālā mārketinga veidi un to ietekme uz uzņēmuma darbību. Darba trešajā nodaļā tika veikta radošuma un oriģinalitātes faktora ietekmes analīze un sabiedrības attieksmes pret netradicionālajām mārketinga metodēm novērtējums. Balstoties uz veikto pētījumu, izteikti priekšlikumi uzņēmuma vadībai un mārketinga speciālistiem. Bakalaura darbā izmantotas sekojošas pētīšanas metodes: aptaujas analīze, statistiskā un grafiskā metode. Bakalaura darbs sastāv no ievada, 3 daļām, secinājumiem un priekšlikumiem, kā arī izmantotās literatūras saraksta un pielikumiem. Darbs sastāv no 61 lpp, tajā iekļautas 9 grafiki un 7 attēli un 2 pielikumi.Bachelor’s theme is importance of untraditional marketing in modern business. Bachelor’s aim is to evaluate importance of untraditional marketing in modern business, to explore innovative marketing arrangements, analyzing the present situation on the market and develop proposals for improving the company's marketing activities. There is set the following tasks: 1. explore the theoretical untraditional marketing development and implementation, 2. traditional forms of marketing assessment, 3. providing insight into the company's innovative ideas in marketing, 4. conduct a survey and providing aggregated data on consumer attitudes to innovative marketing techniques, 5. make conclusions and proposals for an alternative marketing in modern enterprise. In the first chapter of bachelor assesses traditional forms of marketing and events from a theoretical point of view. In the second chapter of bachelor assessed the traditional marketing patterns and theirs influence to the company's work. The third chapter is analysis of creativity and originality factor and public attitudes toward untraditional marketing methods of assessment. Based on author research, makes proposals to the enterprise management and marketing specialists. In the bachelor are used the following research methods: survey analysis, statistical and graphical method. Bachelor included an introduction, three parts, conclusions and proposals, as well as the literature references and appendices. Bachelor consists of 61 page, it included nine graphs and 7 pictures and 2 appendices

Effects of food on bacterial community composition associated with the copepod Acartia tonsa Dana

The estuarine copepod Acartia tonsa naturally carried diverse strains of bacteria on its body. The bacterial community composition (BCC) remained very conservative even when the copepod was fed different axenic algal species, indicating that the food per se did not much affect BCC associated with the copepod. In xenic algal treatments, however, copepod-associated BCC differed with each alga fed, even though the same bacterial source was used to inoculate the algae. In addition, starved copepods taken at the same location but at different times significantly differed in their BCC. Algal species composition and copepod life history therefore serve to regulate BCC associated with copepods, and spatial and temporal variations in algal species composition and copepod origin would alter bacteria–copepod interactions