Interventions de groupe pour les personnes souffrant de psychose réfractaire

Différentes formes d’interventions de groupe sont offertes aux personnes souffrant de troubles mentaux tel que la schizophrénie. Leur contenu varie considérablement de même que leurs orientations théoriques selon la clientèle visée ainsi que la cible thérapeutique. Cet article propose de décrire trois interventions de groupe : 1) une intervention visant l’amélioration de l’estime de soi, 2) une intervention ciblant la gestion du stress, et 3) une intervention portant sur la diminution de la détresse liée aux symptômes psychotiques par le biais d’une approche cognitive comportementale. Des détails portant sur la mise sur pied de ces trois types de groupe ainsi que leur pertinence théorique et clinique pour les personnes souffrant de psychose réfractaire seront présentés.Various types of group interventions exist for people with severe mental disorders such as schziophrenia. The content and theoretical backgrounds vary according to the therapeutic goals as well as the clientele targeted. This article describes three group interventions : 1) one aiming at improving self-esteem, 2) one aiming at improving competence through stress management, and 3) one aiming at diminushing distress linked to psychotic symptoms with cognitive behavior therapy. Details on how to conduct these three group interventions, as well as their clinical and theoretical relevance for individuals with refractory psychosis will be described.Se ofrecen diferentes formas de intervenciones de grupo a las personas que sufren de trastornos mentales tales como esquizofrenia. Su contenido varía considerablemente, al igual que sus orientaciones teóricas, según la clientela a la que se dirigen, así como su objetivo terapéutico. Este artículo propone describir tres intervenciones de grupo: 1) una intervención que busca la mejora de la estima de sí mismo, 2) una intervención que tiene por objetivo la gestión del estrés, y 3) una intervención que trata la disminución de la angustia relacionada con los síntomas psicóticos por medio de un enfoque cognitivo comportamental. Serán presentados los detalles sobre la puesta en marcha de estos tres tipos de grupo, así como de su pertinecia teórica y clínica para las personas que sufren de psicosis refractaria.Diferentes formas de intervenções em grupo são oferecidas às pessoas que sofrem de problemas mentais, como a esquizofrenia. Seu conteúdo varia consideravelmente, assim como suas orientações teóricas, segundo a clientela visada e o alvo terapêutico. Este artigo propõe descrever três intervenções em grupo: 1) uma intervenção que visa a melhoria da auto-estima, 2) uma intervenção focalizada na gestão do estresse, e 3) uma intervenção que trata sobre a diminuição da depressão ligada aos sintomas psicóticos, através de uma abordagem cognitiva comportamental. São apresentados detalhes sobre a criação destes três tipos de grupo, assim como sua pertinência teórica e clínica para pessoas que sofrem de psicose refratária

Measurements of atmospheric and oceanic CO2 in the tropical Atlantic : 10 years after the 1982-1984 FOCAL cruises

Measurements of CO2 parameters in and over the tropical Atlantic ocean have been made during the CITHER 1 cruise (January to March 1993). These observations are compared to the results obtained a decade earlier in the same area during the FOCAL experiment (1982-1984). The increase of atmospheric CO2 (1.3 to 1.5 ppm yr-1) is in agreement with the secular trend. The variation of CO2 fugacity, fCO2, in surface seawater is analysed and compared with variations of hydrographic conditions. The apparent increase of ocean surface fCO2 is somewhat higher than the atmospheric increase: during the 9-year period, the apparent increase of oceanic fCO2 is found to range from 22.5 to 24.9 µatm. A new estimate of air-sea CO2 flux in the Atlantic equatorial belt indicates that the oceanic source is enhanced in 1993 compared to 1984. An interannual change in total inorganic carbon, TCO2, through the accumulation of CO2 in the mixed layer is assessed and analysed in comparison with the fCO2 increase. The agreement between the evolutions of the two parameters of the oceanic CO2 system is acceptable by taking into account the uncertainties to estimate these evolutions. (Résumé d'auteur

On the accurate estimation of intermolecular interactions and charge transfer: the case of TTF-CA

International audienceHigh-resolution X-ray diffraction experiments and state-of-the-art density functional theory calculations have been performed. The validity of the atoms-in-molecules approach is tested for the neutral-ionic transition of TTF-CA which involves a transfer of less than one electron between the donor and acceptor molecules. Foremost, crystallographical data have been reassessed along the temperature-induced neutral-ionic phase transition undergone by this charge transfer complex. Based on accurate X-ray structures at 105 and 15 K, topological analysis of both DFT and the experimental multipolar electron densities allowed detailed characterization of intra- and interstack intermolecular interactions. Direct quanti. cation of the intermolecular charge transfer and the dipole moment are discussed

Adeninium 3-carboxy­anilinium bis­(perchlorate) trihydrate

In the title salt, C5H6N5 +·C7H8NO2 +·2ClO4 −·3H2O, the 3-carboxy­anilinium and adeninium cations are monoprotonated at the amino group and at a pyrimidine N atom respectively. In the crystal, the components are involved in extensive three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding networks composed of O—H⋯O, N—H⋯O, O—H⋯N, N—H⋯N and C—H⋯O inter­actions. Bifurcated hydrogen bonds are observed between perchlorate O atoms and adeninium cations

Adeninium cytosinium sulfate

In the title compound, C5H6N5 +·C4H6N3O+·SO4 2−, the adeninium (AdH+) and cytosinium (CytH+) cations and sulfate dianion are involved in a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding network with four different modes, viz. AdH+⋯AdH+, AdH+⋯CytH+, AdH+⋯SO4 2− and CytH+⋯SO4 2−. The adeninium cations form N—H⋯N dimers through the Hoogsteen faces, generating a characteristic R 2 2(10) motif. This AdH+⋯AdH+ hydrogen bond in combination with AdH+⋯CytH+ H-bonds leads to two-dimensional cationic ribbons parallel to the a axis. The sulfate anions inter­link the ribbons into a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding network and thus reinforce the crystal structure

dl-Asparaginium perchlorate

Two enantiomeric counterparts (l- and d-asparginium cations related by glide planes) are present in the structure of the title compound, C4H9N2O3 +·ClO4 −, with a 1:1 cation–anion ratio. The structure is built up from asparginium cations and perchlorate anions. In the crystal, mol­ecules assemble in double layers parallel to (100) through N—H⋯O, O—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. In the asparginium layers, hydrogen bonds generate alternating R 2 2(8) and R 4 3(18) graph-set motifs. Further hydrogen bonds involving the anions and cations result in the formation of a three-dimensional network

Experimental and theoretical charge-density analysis of 1,4-bis(5-hexyl-2-thienyl)butane-1,4-dione: applications of a virtual-atom model

International audienceThe experimental and theoretical charge densities of 1,4-bis(5-hexyl-2-thienyl)butane-1,4-dione, a precursor in the synthesis of thiophene-based semiconductors and organic solar cells, are presented. A dummy bond charges spherical atom model is applied besides the multipolar atom model. The results show that the dummy bond charges model is accurate enough to calculate electrostatic-derived properties which are comparable with those obtained by the multipolar atom model. The refinement statistics and the residual electron density values are found to be intermediate between the independent atom and the multipolar formalisms

Electrostatic complementarity in an aldose reductase complex from ultra-high-resolution crystallography and first-principles calculations

The electron density and electrostatic potential in an aldose reductase holoenzyme complex have been studied by density functional theory (DFT) and diffraction methods. Aldose reductase is involved in the reduction of glucose in the polyol pathway by using NADPH as a cofactor. The ultra-high resolution of the diffraction data and the low thermal-displacement parameters of the structure allow accurate atomic positions and an experimental charge density analysis. Based on the x-ray structural data, order-N DFT calculations have been performed on subsets of up to 711 atoms in the active site of the molecule. The charge density refinement of the protein was performed with the program MOPRO by using the transferability principle and our database of charge density parameters built from crystallographic analyses of peptides and amino acids. Electrostatic potentials calculated from the charge density database, the preliminary experimental electron density analysis, DFT computations, and atomic charges taken from the AMBER software dictionary are compared. The electrostatic complementarity between the cofactor NADP+ and the active site shows up clearly. The anchoring of the inhibitor is due mainly to hydrophobic forces and to only two polar interaction sites within the enzyme cavity. The potentials calculated by x-ray and DFT techniques agree reasonably well. At the present stage of the refinement, the potentials obtained directly from the database are in excellent agreement with the experimental ones. In addition, these results demonstrate the significant contribution of electron lone pairs and of atomic polarization effects to the host and guest mechanism.Instituto de Física de Líquidos y Sistemas BiológicosFacultad de Ciencias Exacta

dl-Asparaginium nitrate

In the title compound, C4H9N2O3 +·NO3 −, alternatively called (1RS)-2-carbamoyl-1-carboxy­ethanaminium nitrate, the asymmetric unit comprises one asparaginium cation and one nitrate anion. The strongest cation–cation O—H⋯O hydrogen bond in the structure, together with other strong cation–cation N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, generates a succession of infinite chains of R 2 2(8) rings along the b axis. Additional cation–cation C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link these chains into two-dimensional layers formed by alternating R 4 4(24) and R 4 2(12) rings. Connections between these layers are provided by the strong cation–anion N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, as well as by one weak C—H⋯O inter­action, thus forming a three-dimensional network. Some of the cation–anion N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are bifurcated of the type D—H⋯(A 1,A 2)