A Bench Top Study Of The Optimization Of Lvad Cannula Implantation To Reduce Risk Of Cerebral Embolism

Physical bench top experiments are performed to validate and complement ongoing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses of ventricular assist device (VAD) circulation. VADs are used in patients whose hearts do not function to their maximum potential due advanced stages of heart disease and, consequently, are unable to adequately supply blood to the systemic circulation. VADs are commonly utilized as a bridge-to-transplantation, meaning that they are implanted in patients while waiting for a heart transplant. In such cases of long term utilization of VADs, it has been reported in the literatures that thrombo-embolic cerebral events occur in 14-47% of patients over the period of 6 to 12 months. This is a result of thrombus forming despite the use of anticoagulants and advances in VAD design. Accepting current rates of thrombo-embolisms, the main objective of the project is to identify and propose an optimal surgical cannula implantation orientation aimed at reducing the rate of thrombi reaching the carotid and vertebral arteries and thus reduce the morbidity and mortality rate associated with the long term use of VADs to patients suffering from advanced heart failure. The main focus of the experiment is on the physical aspect using a synthetic anatomically correct model constructed by rapid prototyping of the human aortic arch and surrounding vessels. Three VAD cannula implantation configurations are studied with and without bypass to the left carotid artery or to the Innominate artery with ligation of the branch vessel at its root. A mixture of water and glycerin serves to match blood viscosity measured with a rotating cone-plate viscometer. The Reynolds number in the ascending aorta is matched in the flow model. A closed loop mock circulatory system is then realized. In order to match the Reynolds number in the ascending aorta and LVAD cannula with that of the CFD model, a volumetric flow rate of 2.7 liters per minute is supplied through the synthetic VAD cannula and 0.9 liter per minute is supplied to the ascending aorta. Flow rates are measured using rotary flow meters and a pressure sensor is used to ensure a mean operating pressure of 100 mmHg is maintained. Synthetic acrylic blood iv clots are injected at the inlet of the VAD cannula and they are captured and counted at the vertebral and carotid arteries. The sizes of the thrombi simulated are 2, 3.5 and 5 mm which are typical of the range of diameters encountered in practice. Nearly 300 particles are released over 5 separate runs for each diameter, and overall embolization rates as well as individual embolization rates are evaluated along with associated confidence levels. The experimental results show consistency between CFD and experiment. Means comparison of thromboembolization rates predicted by CFD and bench-top results using a Z-score statistic with a 95% confidence level results in 22 of 24 cases being statistically equal. This study provides confidence in the predictive capabilities of the bench-top model as a methodology that can be utilized in upcoming studies utilizing patient-specific aortic bed model

The use of aerial photographs for estimating school sizes of cetaceans

ENGLISH: The accuracy and precision of dolphin school size estimates based on aerial photograph counts were examined using data collected on recent aerial and ship surveys. These estimates were found to be accurate during a 1979research cruise aboard a tuna purse-seiner; dolphin schools were photographed from the ship’s helicopter, encircled with the purse-seine, and then counted as the dolphins were released from the net. A comparison of photographic estimates with these counts indicated that the relationship was fairly close and gave no indication of significantly differing from 1:1. During a 1980 aerial study, photographic estimates from different schools, passes, and camera formats were compared and were found to be quite precise with a standard deviation of approximately 60/0 of school size. Photographic estimates were also compared with estimates made by aerial observers. Most observers tended to underestimate school size, particularly for large schools. The variability among observers was high, indicating that observers should be individually calibrated. SPANISH: Se examinó la exactitud y la precisión de las estimaciones de la magnitud de los cardúmenes de delfines basadas en el cálculo de las fotografías aéreas, usando los datos obtenidos en los últimos reconocimientos aéreos y de los barcos. En 1979, durante un crucero de investigación en un cerquero atunero, se encontró que estas estimaciones eran acertadas; se fotografiaron los cardúmenes de delfines desde un helicóptero del barco, cercados con la red y luego se contaron a medida que se libraban los delfines de la red. Una comparación de las estimaciones fotográficas con estos cálculos indicó que la relación era bastante aproximada y no hubo indicación que se diferenció significativamente de la razón 1:1. Durante un estudio aéreo en 1980, se compararon las estimaciones fotográficas de diferentes del cardúmenes, en los pases y los formatos de las cámaras y se encontró que eran bastante precisos, con una desviación normal de cerca del 60/0 de la magnitud cardumen. Se compararon también las estimaciones fotográficas con las estimaciones realizadas por los observadores aéreos. La mayoría de los observadores tienden a subestimar la magnitud de los cardúmenes, especialmente los cardúmenes grandes. La variabilidad entre los observadores fue elevada, lo que indica que se deben calibrar individualmente los datos de observadores. (PDF contains 39 pages.

The isolation, identification and exploration of the biophysiological significance of plasma biliverdin in the ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta)

Labrus bergylta (ballan wrasse) have recently emerged as a key resource to aquaculture through proven efficacy in controlling infestations of sea lice (Leclercq et al., 2014a). However, due to complex ecology, and a complete lack of sexual dimorphism gender identification endures as a key restriction to optimising broodstock management therefore male selection and establishing optimal sex ratios is difficult (Talbot et al., 2012). L. bergylta, are noted to demonstrate unusually coloured plasma ranging in hue from green to blue with the haem catabolite biliverdin established as the causal pigment in the majority of cases (Abolins, 1961). As most vertebrates excrete biliverdin, or rapidly metabolise it to prevent toxicity, accumulation to such excess is a phenomenon which merits attention. Notably, correlation between plasma biliverdin and gender has been reported in some Labridae. Although patterns vary between species, the abundance or characteristics were such that sexual identity could be established (Gagnon, 2006). Pigment analysis was therefore proposed as a potential sex-marker in L. bergylta. In the initial experimental phase (Chapter 3), the ultimate aim was to isolate and identify the blue pigment from L. bergylta plasma, and to develop a method of quantification. The initial phase confirmed the target pigment was biliverdin IXα by visible spectroscopy, TLC, HPLC, MSMS, and a series of reactions. Following this, a protocol was developed (Chapter 2) to quantify the pigment. This method was applied accross plasma sampled from four geographically distinct wild populations with established biometrics including age, mass, length, gender and external phenotype. Subsequent analysis revealed that although pigment abundance did not vary relative to ontogeny, and there was no difference in concentration between the binary genders, plasma biliverdin was depleted in individuals undergoing sex change. Although this conclusion was complicated by significant biliverdin variation relative to origin and phenotype, which were interrelated based on relative distributions across populations, further analysis of plasma pigment in related species identified that biliverdin accumulation was associated with protogynous species. Considering the anti-oxidant capacity of biliverdin and other potentially relevant functions, this was indicative of association with the tissue remodelling processes which accompany inversion. During Chapter 3 it was noted that the biliverdin appeared tightly bound to a protein moiety. Based on the hypothesis that the pigment was actively managed and accumulated in L. bergylta plasma by this association, the next phase of experiments (Chapter 4) was an exploration of biliverdin and its binding protein in L. bergylta. The experiments revealed plasma biliverdin comigrated with the protein such that it was depleted from solution at the same rate indicating that all of the pigment was associated. Subsequent electrophoretic experiments using the fractionation products supported this, and UV fluourescence identified fragments of interest in the 25-28 kDa region. To confirm observations from the previous cross species comparison, the study was similarly expanded to include other Labrini. This revealed that although the 25 kDa band was common to all species, and genders, the 28 kDa band was collocated with the protogynous, and as such hyperbiliverdinaemic species. The 28 kDa band was sequenced using MSMS, and was identified as similar to the lipocalin Apolipoprotein A1. In combination with the properties of biliverdin, and considering that ApoA1 is analogous to serum albumin in many telesots, this supported the chromoprotein association as the main mechanism of biliverdin accumulation in such species. Further to the proposed function of biliverdin with inversion processes, and considering relevant literature, the active properties of ApoA1 suggested additional associations with prolonged altered states of metabolism which considering the ecology of L. bergylta would include gender transition, overwintering torpor and prolonged micronutrient limitation, all of which occur simultaneously. Other potential roles include modulating inflammatory responses, inhibiting pathogenic incursions and acting as an external point of contact innate immune response. From this, it was concluded that the data fully supported the previous assertions of biliverdins relevance in protogynous species, and identified a number of properties which could be of great interest to the industry in terms of welfare. The final experimental phase (Chapter 5) had two main aims. The first was to establish whether protogynous inversion could be artificially induced in L. bergylta as a means of generating male fish, and whether size had any effect on the process. The second was then to utilise controlled induction for tracking biliverdin mobilisation across the process to test the previous hypothesis. The preliminary trial demonstrated that both androgen inhibition and non-aromatisable testosterone could stimulate inversion in female L. bergylta. From this, the second trial then determined that although there was a dose dependant effect in that high androgen dosages appeared to compress the inversion process, relative size was not a factor. Gonad histology was used to create a unified scale of protogynous transition which could be expressed as a gradient to structure the biliverdin analysis. Although the biliverdin data demonstrated cryptic trends at the higher resolution gender scales, when the endpoint was condensed back to the binary gender scale employed previously (Chapter 3), the prior assertion of depletion during transition, and therefore the association with sex change associated tissue remodelling was supported. Ultimately this thesis revealed links between the biliverdin macromolecule and the highly unusual metabolic and physiological demands of gender transition in sequentially protogynous hermaphroditic temperate wrasse species

CAN HYPOTHETICAL, QUESTIONS PREDICT ACTUAL, PARTICIPATION IN PUBLIC PROGRAMS? A FIELD VALIDITY TEST USING A PROVISION POINT MECHANISM

Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation utilized a demand revealing public good mechanism to implement a green electricity program for provision of renewable energy and planting trees. This GreenChoiceTM program provided an opportunity to test the reliability of contingent valuation for predicting actual participation levels. In this study, participation levels predicted by hypothetical open-ended and dichotomous choice questions are compared to a reference level obtained from the actual GreenChoiceTM program. This approach represents an important improvement over past public goods contingent valuation validity tests which have relied on voluntary contribution mechanisms to elicit actual willingness to pay, and thus are likely to overestimate hypothetical bias because of free riding. Yet, even with a demand revealing mechanism and controlling for awareness, hypothetical participation levels obtained from dichotomous choice responses are found to significantly exceed actual contributions. In contrast, open-ended responses predict actual contribution levels, in that hypothetical open-ended responses are not significantly different from actual responses. Calibration of hypothetical responses is also explored.Public Economics, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

A COMPARISON OF HYPOTHETICAL PHONE AND MAIL CONTINGENT VALUATION RESPONSES FOR GREEN PRICING ELECTRICITY PROGRAMS

To date, much of the policy and research debate on contingent valuation mode effects has relied on experiences drawn from other research disciplines. This study provides the first contingent valuation phone-mail comparison that meets current standards for response rates, draws from a general population, is relevant to the valuation of general environmental goods, and allows comparisons with actual sign-ups. Consistent with previous research in other disciplines, social desirability bias is found in responses to subjective questions --thus leading to more environmentally favorable responses on the phone. However, this effect does not carry over to hypothetical participation decisions. Hypothetical bias is found in both modes. Yet, application of calibration methods using debriefing questions provided nearly identical values across modes. As such, neither mode appears to dominate from the perspective of providing more valid estimates of actual participation decisions. The selection of survey mode must be based on other criteria.Environmental Economics and Policy,

Spatial Analysis of Rural Economic Development Using a Locally Weighted Regression Model

This study uses locally weighted regression to identify county-level characteristics that serve as drivers of creative employment throughout the southern United States. We found that higher per capita income, greater infrastructure investments, and the rural nature of a county tended to promote creative employment density, while higher scores on a natural amenity index had the opposite effect. We were also able to identify and map clusters of rural counties where the marginal effects of these variables on creative employment density were greatest. These findings should help rural communities to promote creative employment growth as a means of furthering rural economic development.creative class, locally weighted regression, natural amenities, rural economic development, Community/Rural/Urban Development,

Repricing Limited Liability and Separate Entity Status

In this Article we discuss how U.S. entity law has evolved in recent decades so that (i) limited liability has become available to the owners of any form of business organization, and (ii) all forms of business organizations are now seen as having the status of entities separate from their owners. Those changes have occurred without significant consideration of their consequences or what they mean for the public policies underlying entity law. At the same time, there is an increasing awareness by businesses that promotion of social benefits and/or reduction of externalities is in the firm’s best interests. There has recently been development of hybrid business models, but they have been driven by pragmatic concerns rather than an understanding of the theoretical underpinnings for, and restrictions on, those models. This Article strives to point the way toward a new understanding of how the state should frame the requirements for limited liability and separate entity status

Development of a management practicum in a clinical psychology program

Some clinical psychology programs are developing training in management in response to both the recognition that management is a major professional role for many psychologists (Clements, Rickard, & Kleinot, 1986) and the National Council of Schools of Professional Psychology’s (NCSPP) inclusion of “supervision and management” as one of six competency areas for the core curriculum in professional psychology (Peterson, R. L., McHolland, J. D., Bent, R. J., Davis-Russell, E., Edwall, G. E., Polite, K., Singer, D. L., & Stricker, G., 1991). At the Graduate School of Clinical Psychology at George Fox University (Newberg, OR), we developed a management practicum to facilitate specific and advanced training of selected doctoral students in this competency area. In this article, we compare and contrast our program with the one developed at West Virginia University (WVU), described in a previous article in this journal