Identifying and addressing fundraising's overarching ethical questions through ethical theory

Purpose This paper seeks to build on MacQuilllin and Sargeant's (2019) framework for normative fundraising ethics by considering how fundraising professionals might use these theories to support their fundraising practice. In the paper we will seek to identify the higher-level ethical questions that underpin the majority of ethical decisions fundraisers will need to make: decisions around the acceptance and solicitation of donations and. We will then seek to address each of these questions through the lens of MacQuilllin and Sargeant's (2019) normative ethical theories. Approach and methodology We will abstract from common ethical dilemmas the higher-level or overarching questions that can encompass them. We will then consider each question through the lens of the normative theories developed by MacQuillin and Sargeant (2019), drawing on available evidence to support our arguments. Findings Two core questions were identified: 1. Where are the lines in who we approach for/receive resources from for our organisation? 2. Where are the lines in how we approach people for resources for our organisation? Originality To our knowledge, this will be the first academic paper that a) identifies the overarching ethical questions that affect fundraising practice, and b) applies the various normative theories of fundraising ethics directly to them. In practical terms, it may also be particularly useful to fundraising practitioners who want to explore the theories of ethics in relation to the dilemmas they encounter in practice

Leaving a charitable legacy : social influence, the self and symbolic immortality

Legacies provide a vital income stream to many charities, contributing £2 billion of charitable income to UK charities each year (Dobbs et al 2010). There is significant potential to increase this figure. Legacy Foresight (2007) estimate that, by 2050, the UK legacy market will be worth £5.2 billion a year, due largely to the demise of the babyboomer generation. Similarly, remarkably few individuals give at death, with only 8 per cent of people giving when they die, as opposed to the 80 per cent who give in life (Sargeant and Radcliffe 2007). Even a comparatively small increase in the percentage of those who give could provide valuable future income to non- profits: an increase from 8 to 12 per cent of decedents giving could provide an extra billion of charitable income a year (Dobbs et al 2010). However, despite the current importance of legacy income to charities and its future potential, legacy giving remains under-researched within the giving literature. There are, however, intriguing leads from the sociology, psychology and economics literatures around late-life planning and the process of identity maintenance and development in older age. This study uses a constructivist grounded theory approach to investigate two of these leads, the concepts of remembrance and generativity. The central question of this study is to investigate the concepts of remembrance and generativity to examine where leaving a charitable legacy fits within an individual's broader self concept and life narrative - their past, their present and their anticipated legacy (in its broadest sense). The data was acquired through depth interviews with people who had pledged a legacy to UK charity, Help the Aged. Three key influencers on legacy giving emerge from the interview data: social influence, the self and symbolic immortality. The research demonstrates the importance of external social influences, both on the will making process, and indeed, on the development of the individual throughout their life course. It also shows the importance of intrinsic motivators such as individual values and personal experiences which forge links with causes and charities throughout the life course. Finally, and perhaps most significantly, the research indicates how a charitable legacy can enable the giver to create a sense of symbolic immortality by making a difference to the world they leave behind. These three key themes, alongside other results from the research process, are drawn together to create a model of the legacy giving decision. The study concludes with suggestions for practitioners and for future research.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

“When I go my family will see my life in programmes”: Legacy giving and identity at the Royal Opera House

With £5.5 trillion due to be transferred between generations over forthcoming decades in the UK alone, non‐profits stand to increase their income from legacy giving significantly, if they can make lasting and meaningful connections with donors. Extant research suggests that autobiographical memory may play a key role in this process. In this article, we go beyond considering autobiographical memory in general to examining how connection with a particular non‐profit, and the memories that are generated can shape individual identity. We report the results of twenty life‐history interviews with people who plan to leave a legacy to the Royal Opera House, and discuss how identity is created through a connection with opera and/or ballet in general and the Royal Opera House in particular. We then go on to explore how the strength of that connection and development of a shared identity can create a sense of symbolic immortality and influence the legacy giving decision, drawing on peak memorable experiences and nostalgia as a social emotion that connects people to what they love. We conclude by reflecting on how other non‐profits might create or stimulate such identities

Novel locally active estrogens accelerate cutaneous wound healing. A preliminary study

New 17\u3b2-estradiol (E2) derivatives 1 1211 were synthesized from an estrone derivative by addition of organometallic reagents prepared from protected \u3b1,\u3c9-alkynols and further elaboration of the addition products. The estrogenic activity of these novel compounds was determined using in vitro binding competition assay and transactivation analysis. Among the E2 derivatives synthesized, compound 2 showed the highest transactivation potency and was therefore tested for its ability to modulate cutaneous wound healing in vivo. Compound 2\u2019s ability to accelerate wound healing in ovariectomized mice and decrease the production of inflammatory molecules was comparable to that of E2. However, the activity of compound 2 was not superimposable to E2 with regard to the cells involved in the wound repairing process. When locally administered, compound 2 did not show any systemic activity on ER. This class of compounds with clear beneficial effects on wound healing and suitable for topical administration may lead to the generation of innovative drugs for an area of unmet clinical nee

Bequests to educational institutions: Who gives and why?

Bequests have played an important role in the foundation and development of many educational organizations. It is possible that as mortality rates increase, bequest income will become even more vital. In order to maximize income from this source, practitioners need to understand both who leaves bequests, and what their motivations may be for doing so. This study analyzes literature from the fields of marketing, sociology, economics, and sociology to provide an insight into both who gives and why. The findings show that individuals from across the donor base may be receptive to a bequest appeal, and that there appear to be both altruistic and egoistic motivations driving the bequest giving decision. The study concludes with suggestions as to how these findings may be incorporated into practitioners' bequest fundraising