The ribonucleoprotein complex of the human L1 element : specificity of the reverse transcriptase activity and cellular partners

Les éléments LINE-1 (L1) sont les seuls éléments transposables autonomes et actifs, constituant 20% de notre ADN. Ils prolifèrent via un intermédiaire ARN dans un processus appelé rétrotransposition. Les L1s encodent deux protéines, ORF1p et ORF2p, qui s’associent avec l’ARN du L1 pour former une particule ribonucléoprotéique (RNP), constituant l’intermédiaire fonctionnel de la rétrotransposition. Les L1s « sautent » activement dans les cellules germinales, les cellules souches embryonnaires et dans l’embryon précoce, conduisant occasionnellement à des maladies génétiques. Ils sont également exprimés et mobiles dans un certain nombre de cancers. Les sites d’intégration des L1s sont généralement considérés comme aléatoires, les déterminants moléculaires de leur insertion demeurant mal connus. Afin d’éclaircir ce processus, nous avons d’abord exploré les propriétés biochimiques des RNPs du L1, en mesurant leur activité transcriptase inverse in vitro sur une collection variée de substrats d’ADN. Nous avons observé que des substrats, qui diffèrent par leur séquence ou leur structure, ne sont pas tous utilisés efficacement par les RNPs du L1 pour amorcer la transcription inverse. Notre travail suggère que la spécificité et la flexibilité de l’initiation de la transcription inverse du L1 participe aux choix du site d’insertion. Dans un second temps, nous avons recherché des partenaires cellulaires de la RNP du L1 qui pourraient contribuer à la rétrotransposition et/ou la réguler, par des cribles double-hybride chez la levure. Nous avons découvert que la protéine ORF2p interagit avec un groupe de récepteurs nucléaires. Ces derniers possèdent un domaine de liaison à l’ADN qui reconnaît des séquences d’ADN spécifiques réparties dans le génome, et un domaine de liaison du ligand, qui permet d’activer la transcription des gènes cibles. Nos données suggèrent que ces facteurs participent à la rétrotransposition des L1s, possiblement en ciblant leurs RNPs dans certaines régions du génome. Dans leur ensemble, nos travaux ont contribué à améliorer notre compréhension de la relation entre éléments transposables et génome hôte, et de leur impact sur la plasticité du génome humain.LINE-1 (L1) elements are mobile genetic elements, comprising up to 20% of the contemporary human genome, in which they are the only autonomously active element. They replicate through an RNA intermediate in a process named retrotransposition. Replication-competent L1 copies code for two proteins, ORF1p and ORF2p, that associate in cis with their own RNA to form a ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP), the functional intermediate of retrotransposition. L1s « jump » actively in germ cells, embryonic stem cells and in the early embryo, leading occasionally to genetic diseases. These elements are also expressed and mobile in a number of cancers. L1 insertion sites are generally considered as random. The molecular determinants of L1 insertion, as well as many steps of the retrotransposition cycle, remain uncertain. To get further insight in the molecular mechanisms of L1 retrotransposition, we first explored the biochemical properties of the L1 RNP, by measuring their reverse transcriptase activity in vitro on various DNA substrates. Using this approach, we observed that L1 RNPs do not equally extend DNA substrates, which differ in sequence or structure, to initiate cDNA synthesis. Our work suggests that the specificity and flexibility of L1 reverse transcription priming contribute to the choice of target sites. In a second approach, we performed yeast two-hybrid screens in order to discover cellular partners of the L1 RNP, which could contribute and/or regulate retrotransposition, We found that ORF2p interacts with a group of nuclear receptors. These proteins contain a DNA binding domain, which recognizes specific DNA sequences spread in the genome, and a ligand binding domain, driving transcriptional regulation of target genes. Our data suggest that these factors participate to L1 retrotransposition, potentially by tethering L1 RNPs to specific genomic regions. Altogether, this work has contributed to a better understanding of the relationship between mobile genetic elements and their host genome, and their impact on human genome plasticity

La particule ribonucléoprotéique de l'élément L1 humain (spécificité de l'activité transcriptase inverse et partenaires cellulaires)

Les éléments LINE-1 (L1) sont les seuls éléments transposables autonomes et actifs, constituant 20% de notre ADN. Ils prolifèrent via un intermédiaire ARN dans un processus appelé rétrotransposition. Les L1s encodent deux protéines, ORF1p et ORF2p, qui s associent avec l ARN du L1 pour former une particule ribonucléoprotéique (RNP), constituant l intermédiaire fonctionnel de la rétrotransposition. Les L1s sautent activement dans les cellules germinales, les cellules souches embryonnaires et dans l embryon précoce, conduisant occasionnellement à des maladies génétiques. Ils sont également exprimés et mobiles dans un certain nombre de cancers. Les sites d intégration des L1s sont généralement considérés comme aléatoires, les déterminants moléculaires de leur insertion demeurant mal connus. Afin d éclaircir ce processus, nous avons d abord exploré les propriétés biochimiques des RNPs du L1, en mesurant leur activité transcriptase inverse in vitro sur une collection variée de substrats d ADN. Nous avons observé que des substrats, qui diffèrent par leur séquence ou leur structure, ne sont pas tous utilisés efficacement par les RNPs du L1 pour amorcer la transcription inverse. Notre travail suggère que la spécificité et la flexibilité de l initiation de la transcription inverse du L1 participe aux choix du site d insertion. Dans un second temps, nous avons recherché des partenaires cellulaires de la RNP du L1 qui pourraient contribuer à la rétrotransposition et/ou la réguler, par des cribles double-hybride chez la levure. Nous avons découvert que la protéine ORF2p interagit avec un groupe de récepteurs nucléaires. Ces derniers possèdent un domaine de liaison à l ADN qui reconnaît des séquences d ADN spécifiques réparties dans le génome, et un domaine de liaison du ligand, qui permet d activer la transcription des gènes cibles. Nos données suggèrent que ces facteurs participent à la rétrotransposition des L1s, possiblement en ciblant leurs RNPs dans certaines régions du génome. Dans leur ensemble, nos travaux ont contribué à améliorer notre compréhension de la relation entre éléments transposables et génome hôte, et de leur impact sur la plasticité du génome humain.LINE-1 (L1) elements are mobile genetic elements, comprising up to 20% of the contemporary human genome, in which they are the only autonomously active element. They replicate through an RNA intermediate in a process named retrotransposition. Replication-competent L1 copies code for two proteins, ORF1p and ORF2p, that associate in cis with their own RNA to form a ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP), the functional intermediate of retrotransposition. L1s jump actively in germ cells, embryonic stem cells and in the early embryo, leading occasionally to genetic diseases. These elements are also expressed and mobile in a number of cancers. L1 insertion sites are generally considered as random. The molecular determinants of L1 insertion, as well as many steps of the retrotransposition cycle, remain uncertain. To get further insight in the molecular mechanisms of L1 retrotransposition, we first explored the biochemical properties of the L1 RNP, by measuring their reverse transcriptase activity in vitro on various DNA substrates. Using this approach, we observed that L1 RNPs do not equally extend DNA substrates, which differ in sequence or structure, to initiate cDNA synthesis. Our work suggests that the specificity and flexibility of L1 reverse transcription priming contribute to the choice of target sites. In a second approach, we performed yeast two-hybrid screens in order to discover cellular partners of the L1 RNP, which could contribute and/or regulate retrotransposition, We found that ORF2p interacts with a group of nuclear receptors. These proteins contain a DNA binding domain, which recognizes specific DNA sequences spread in the genome, and a ligand binding domain, driving transcriptional regulation of target genes. Our data suggest that these factors participate to L1 retrotransposition, potentially by tethering L1 RNPs to specific genomic regions. Altogether, this work has contributed to a better understanding of the relationship between mobile genetic elements and their host genome, and their impact on human genome plasticity.NICE-Bibliotheque electronique (060889901) / SudocSudocFranceF

COV2HTML: A Visualization and Analysis Tool of Bacterial Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) Data for Postgenomics Life Scientists

International audienceCOV2HTML is an interactive web interface, which is addressed to biologists, and allows performing both coverage visualization and analysis of NGS alignments performed on prokaryotic organisms (bacteria and phages). It combines two processes: a tool that converts the huge NGS mapping or coverage files into light specific coverage files containing information on genetic elements; and a visualization interface allowing a real-time analysis of data with optional integration of statistical results. To demonstrate the scope of COV2HTML, the program was tested with data from two published studies. The first data were from RNA-seq analysis of Campylobacter jejuni, based on comparison of two conditions with two replicates. We were able to recover 26 out of 27 genes highlighted in the publication using COV2HTML. The second data comprised of stranded TSS and RNA-seq data sets on the Archaea Sulfolobus solfataricus. COV2HTML was able to highlight most of the TSSs from the article and allows biologists to visualize both TSS and RNA-seq on the same screen. The strength of the COV2HTML interface is making possible NGS data analysis without software installation, login, or a long training period. A web version is accessible at https://mmonot.eu/COV2HTML/. This website is free and open to users without any login requirement

Simultaneous production of isopropanol, butanol, ethanol and 2,3-butanediol by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 engineered strains

Isopropanol represents a widely-used commercial alcohol which is currently produced from petroleum. In nature, isopropanol is excreted by some strains of Clostridium beijerinckii, simultaneously with butanol and ethanol during the isopropanol butanol ethanol (IBE) fermentation. In order to increase isopropanol production, the gene encoding the secondary-alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme from C. beijerinckii NRRL B593 (adh) which catalyzes the reduction of acetone to isopropanol, was cloned into the acetone, butanol and ethanol (ABE)-producing strain C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824. The transformants showed high capacity for conversion of acetone into isopropanol (> 95%). To increase isopropanol production levels in ATCC 824, polycistronic transcription units containing, in addition to the adh gene, homologous genes of the acetoacetate decarboxylase (adc), and/or the acetoacetyl-CoA:acetate/butyrate:CoA transferase subunits A and B (ctfA and ctfB) were constructed and introduced into the wild-type strain. Combined overexpression of the ctfA and ctfB genes resulted in enhanced solvent production. In non-pH-controlled batch cultures, the total solvents excreted by the transformant overexpressing the adh, ctfA, ctfB and adc genes were 24.4 g/L IBE (including 8.8 g/L isopropanol), while the control strain harbouring an empty plasmid produced only 20.2 g/L ABE (including 7.6 g/L acetone). The overexpression of the adc gene had limited effect on IBE production. Interestingly, all transformants with the adh gene converted acetoin (a minor fermentation product) into 2,3-butanediol, highlighting the wide metabolic versatility of solvent-producing Clostridi

The specificity and flexibility of l1 reverse transcription priming at imperfect T-tracts.

L1 retrotransposons have a prominent role in reshaping mammalian genomes. To replicate, the L1 ribonucleoprotein particle (RNP) first uses its endonuclease (EN) to nick the genomic DNA. The newly generated DNA end is subsequently used as a primer to initiate reverse transcription within the L1 RNA poly(A) tail, a process known as target-primed reverse transcription (TPRT). Prior studies demonstrated that most L1 insertions occur into sequences related to the L1 EN consensus sequence (degenerate 5'-TTTT/A-3' sites) and frequently preceded by imperfect T-tracts. However, it is currently unclear whether--and to which degree--the liberated 3'-hydroxyl extremity on the genomic DNA needs to be accessible and complementary to the poly(A) tail of the L1 RNA for efficient priming of reverse transcription. Here, we employed a direct assay for the initiation of L1 reverse transcription to define the molecular rules that guide this process. First, efficient priming is detected with as few as 4 matching nucleotides at the primer 3' end. Second, L1 RNP can tolerate terminal mismatches if they are compensated within the 10 last bases of the primer by an increased number of matching nucleotides. All terminal mismatches are not equally detrimental to DNA extension, a C being extended at higher levels than an A or a G. Third, efficient priming in the context of duplex DNA requires a 3' overhang. This suggests the possible existence of additional DNA processing steps, which generate a single-stranded 3' end to allow L1 reverse transcription. Based on these data we propose that the specificity of L1 reverse transcription initiation contributes, together with the specificity of the initial EN cleavage, to the distribution of new L1 insertions within the human genome

RNA-mediated interference and reverse transcription control the persistence of RNA viruses in the insect model Drosophila

International audienceHow persistent viral infections are established and maintained is widely debated and remains poorly understood. We found here that the persistence of RNA virus in Drosophila melanogaster was achieved through the combined action of cellular reverse-transcriptase activity and the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. Fragments of diverse RNA viruses were reverse-transcribed early during infection, which resulted in DNA forms embedded in retrotransposon sequences. Those virus-retrotransposon DNA chimeras produced transcripts processed by the RNAi machinery, which in turn inhibited viral replication. Conversely, inhibition of reverse transcription hindered the appearance of chimeric DNA and prevented persistence. Our results identify a cooperative function for retrotransposons and antiviral RNAi in the control of lethal acute infection for the establishment of viral persistence. The most well-characterized viral infections are those with human or economic effects. However, regardless of the organism under consideration, there are viruses able to infect that organism. Viral fossil registers highlight the long coevolutionary history between virus an

RNA-mediated interference and reverse transcription control the persistence of RNA viruses in the insect model Drosophila

International audienceHow persistent viral infections are established and maintained is widely debated and remains poorly understood. We found here that the persistence of RNA virus in Drosophila melanogaster was achieved through the combined action of cellular reverse-transcriptase activity and the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. Fragments of diverse RNA viruses were reverse-transcribed early during infection, which resulted in DNA forms embedded in retrotransposon sequences. Those virus-retrotransposon DNA chimeras produced transcripts processed by the RNAi machinery, which in turn inhibited viral replication. Conversely, inhibition of reverse transcription hindered the appearance of chimeric DNA and prevented persistence. Our results identify a cooperative function for retrotransposons and antiviral RNAi in the control of lethal acute infection for the establishment of viral persistence. The most well-characterized viral infections are those with human or economic effects. However, regardless of the organism under consideration, there are viruses able to infect that organism. Viral fossil registers highlight the long coevolutionary history between virus an