Demand for offsetting and insetting in the EU Emissions Trading System

International carbon offsetting can help reduce compliance costs in emissions trading schemes and at the same time support carbon mitigation projects in developing countries. A surprising observation from the European Union Emissions Trading System's experience with offsetting is that companies do not fully utilise offsetting for compliance despite the cost advantage in doing so. However, so far ther ehas been limited research evaluating what factors influence companies' decisions to utilise offsets. This paper fills this gap by investigating the demand for carbon offsets in tradable permit emissions markets. To do so, we use detailed firm-level data on 279 companies regulated under the EU ETS during 2008-2012.Our findings suggest that there are clear sectoral differences and that, contrary to expectations, transaction costs and over-allocation of free allowances are not the key determining factors. We find some evidence to support the existence of ‘insetting', that is, companies with subsidiaries in key offset countries are more likely to use a larger share of their offset allowance for compliance. Semi-structured interviews with companies supported these findings

TOF-PET detector concept based on organic scintillators

In this contribution we present a new concept of the large acceptance detector systems based on organic scintillators which may allow for simultaneous diagnostic of large fraction of the human body. Novelty of the concept lies in employing large blocks of polymer scintillators instead of crystals as detectors of annihilation quanta, and in using predominantly the timing of signals instead of their amplitudes

Strip- PET : a novel detector concept for the TOF-PET scanner

We briefly present a design of a new PET scanner based on strips of polymer scintillators arranged in a barrel constituting a large acceptance detector. The solution proposed is based on the superior timing properties of the polymer scintillators. The position and time of the reaction of the gamma quanta in the detector material will be determined based on the time of arrival of light signals to the edges of the scintillator strips

Krzysztof Zanussi and His Work Abroad in the Period of Polish People’s Republic: Contexts and Consequences of Cooperation with German Television Producers

Artykuł ma na celu przybliżenie kontekstów zagranicznej twórczości Krzysztofa Zanussiego oraz polskiej recepcji prasowej jego filmów z tamtego okresu. Efekty współpracy Zanussiego z niemieckimi producentami (firmami produkcyjnymi i stacjami telewizyjnymi) w większości były niedostępne dla polskich widzów i pomijane w polskim piśmiennictwie filmowym, co doprowadziło do wykształcenia się niepełnej – czy wręcz przekłamanej – sylwetki twórczej reżysera. Skutkowało to istotnym przesunięciem recepcji sylwetki samego Zanussiego i osłabieniem jego pozycji w polu polskiej kinematografii.The article aims to bring the context of foreign creativity of Krzysztof Zanussi and the Polish press reception of his films from that period. The effects of Zanussi’s cooperation with German producers (production companies and television stations) were mostly unavailable to Polish viewers and omitted in Polish film literature, which led to the development of an incomplete - or even distorted - creative figure of the director. This resulted in a significant shift in the reception of Zanussi’s work and weakening his po- sition in the field of Polish cinematography

Cyclic enkephalin-deltorphin hybrids containing a carbonyl bridge: structure and opioid activity

Six hybrid N-ureidoethylamides of octapeptides in which an N-terminal cyclic structure related to enkephalin was elongated by a C-terminal fragment of deltorphin were synthesized on MBHA resin. The synthetic procedure involved deprotection of Boc groups with HCl/dioxane and cleavage of the peptide resin with 45 % TFA in DCM. d- Lys and d-Orn were incorporated in position 2, and Lys, Orn, Dab, or Dap in position 5. The side chains of the dibasic amino function were protected with the Fmoc group. This protection was removed by treatment with 55 % piperidine in DMF, and cyclization was achieved by treatment with bis-(4-nitrophenyl)carbonate. Using various combinations of dibasic amino acids, peptides containing a 17-, 18-, 19- or 20-membered ring structure were obtained. The peptides were tested in the guinea-pig ileum (GPI) and mouse vas deferens (MVD) assays. Diverse opioid activities were observed, depending on the size of the ring. Extension of the enkephalin sequence at the C-terminus by a deltorphin fragment resulted in a change of receptor selectivity in favor of the δ receptor. The conformational propensities of selected peptides were determined using the EDMC method in conjunction with data derived from NMR experiments carried out in water. This approach allowed proper examination of the dynamical behavior of these small peptides. The results were compared with those obtained earlier with corresponding N-(ureidoethyl)pentapeptide amides