Antecedentes Relacionales de la Innovación en las Empresas Familiares: El Complejo Papel del Compromiso de los Empleados No Familiares

A better understanding of the relational antecedents of innovation in family firms is central to explaining their long-term success and survival. Our study proposes an original model that shows that the internal social capital of non-family members does not always foster innovation directly as existing theory suggests, but through their organizational commitment. These results differ across the different dimensions of organizational commitment. Therefore, our study challenges existing thinking on commitment studies by offering theoretical grounding and empirical evidence that neglected dimensions of commitment have a crucial intermediate role in the relationship between internal social capital and innovation in family firms.Una mejor comprensión de los antecedentes relacionales de la innovación en las empresas familiares es fundamental para explicar su éxito y supervivencia a largo plazo. Nuestro estudio propone un modelo original que muestra que el capital social interno de los no familiares no siempre fomenta la innovación directamente, como sugiere la teoría exis-tente, sino a través de su compromiso organizacional. Estos resultados difieren en las diversas dimensiones del compromiso organizacional. Por lo tanto, nuestro estudio desafía el pensa-miento existente sobre los estudios de compromiso al ofrecer una base teórica y evidencia empírica de que las dimensiones desatendidas del compromiso tienen un papel intermedio crucial en la relación entre el capital social interno y la innovación en las empresas familiares

Limitations on the superposition principle: superselection rules in non-relativistic quantum mechanics

The superposition principle is a very basic ingredient of quantum theory. What may come as a surprise to many students, and even to many practitioners of the quantum craft, is tha superposition has limitations imposed by certain requirements of the theory. The discussion of such limitations arising from the so-called superselection rules is the main purpose of this paper. Some of their principal consequences are also discussed. The univalence, mass and particle number superselection rules of non-relativistic quantum mechanics are also derived using rather simple methods.Comment: 22 pages, no figure

Teratohyla sornozai Cisneros-Heredia, Yánez-Muñoz y Ortega-Andrade es un sinónimo junior de Rulyrana orejuela Duellman y Burrowes (Amphibia, Anura, Centrolenidae)

Teratohyla sornozai was recently described [1] based on specimens collected at three locations in the provinces of Esmeraldas, Imbabura and Pichincha, northwestern Ecuador. In the original description[1], T sornozai differed from Rulyrana orejuela [2] by the shape of the muzzle (projected profile in T sornozai, truncated profile in R. orejuela), the extension of the membrane in the hands and feet (higher in T. sornozai), the presence of melanophores in the hands and feet (higher in R. orejuela), iris color (dark gray with a yellow circumpupilar ring in R. orejuela vs. gold with dark crosslinks in T. sornozai) and body size (higher in R. orejuela). However, the acquisition of more material about R. orejuela and reassessment of the specimens assigned to T. sornozai allowed us to determine that both names correspond to the same species. The differences observed in the specimens assigned to Teratohyla sornozai are due to intraspecific variation (eg, iris color) or ontogenetic changes (juvenile specimens of R. orejuela have less melanophores in the legs and to a greater extent in the foreleg and hoof membranes ). The variation in the shape of the snout appears to correspond to a common pattern observed in several species of Centrolenidae, where juvenile specimens have the muzzle projected in the side view or profile view. Based on this new evidence, we put Teratohyla sornozai Cisneros-Heredia, Yánez-Muñoz y Ortega-Andrade as a junior synonym of Rulyrana orejuela Duellman y Burrowes (Figures 1-2). With this change, the number of localities known for Rulyrana orejuela in Ecuador is increased to four: Mashpi, Saguangal [3], Río Naranjal y Canadé [1].Teratohyla sornozai fue recientemente descrita [1] sobre la base de especímenes colectados en tres localidades en las provincias de Esmeraldas, Imbabura y Pichincha, noroccidente del Ecuador. En la descripción original [1], T sornozai se diferenció de Rulyrana orejuela [2] por la forma del hocico (proyectado de perfil en T sornozai, truncado de perfil en R. orejuela), la extensión de la membrana en manos y pies (mayor en T. sornozai), la presencia de melanóforos en las manos y pies (mayor en R. orejuela), el color del iris (gris oscuro con un anillo circumpupilar amarillo en R. orejuela, vs. dorado con reticulaciones oscuras en T. sornozai), y el tamaño corporal (mayor en R. orejuela). Sin embargo, la adquisición de mayor material de R. orejuela y la re-evaluación de los especímenes asignados a T. sornozai permitieron determinar que ambos nombres corresponden a una misma especie. Las diferencias observadas en los especímenes asignados a Teratohyla sornozai se deben a variación intraespecífica (por ejemplo, el color del iris) o a cambios ontogénicos (los juveniles de R. orejuela presentan menos melanóforos en las patas, una mayor extensión en las membranas manuales y pediales). La variación en la forma del hocico parece corresponder a un patrón común observado en varias especies de Centrolenidae, donde los juveniles tienen el hocico proyectado en vista lateral o de perfil. Basados en esta nueva evidencia, colocamos a Teratohyla sornozai Cisneros-Heredia, Yánez-Muñoz y Ortega-Andrade como un sinónimo junior de Rulyrana orejuela Duellman y Burrowes (Figuras 1-2). Con este cambio, el número de localidades conocidas para Rulyrana orejuela en Ecuador se incrementa a cuatro: Mashpi, Saguangal [3], Río Naranjal y Canadé [1]

Molecular phylogeny of atractus (Serpentes, dipsadidae), with emphasis on Ecuadorian species and the description of three new taxa

Volume: 661Start Page: 91End Page: 12

Una nueva especie de rana terrestre Pristimantis (Anura: Terrarana: Strabomantidae) de la cuenca alta del Río Pastaza, Ecuador

We describe Pristimantis loujosti sp. nov. from the upper River Pastaza basin. This species is characterised by its large body size, thick glandular skin, orange hidden surfaces of legs, prominent hand fold, one to three wart on the upper surface of the arm, and strongly reticulated iris. The presence of the hand fold has not been previously reported in other Pristimantis, althoug it seems to be shared with P pycnodermis, species that seems to be closely related.Describimos a Pristimantis loujosti sp. nov. de la cuenca alta del río Pastaza. La especie se caracteriza por su tamaño corporal grande, piel glandular gruesa, coloración de las superficies ocultas de las patas e ingles de color naranja, un pliegue prominente en la superficie superior de la base de la mano, uno a tres tubérculos aplanados en la superficie anterior del antebrazo e iris fuertemente reticulado. La presencia del pliegue en la mano no ha sido reportado antes en otros Pristimantis aunque no parece ser exclusivo de Pristimantis loujosti, ya que también ha sido observado en P pycnodermis, con la cual la nueva especie parece estar estrechamente relacionada

SU(16) grandunification: breaking scales, proton decay and neutrino magnetic moment

We give a detailed renormalization group analysis for the SU(16) grandunified group with general breaking chains in which quarks and leptons transform separately at intermediate energies. Our analysis includes the effects of Higgs bosons. We show that the grandunification scale could be as low as $\sim 10^{8.5}$ GeV and give examples where new physics could exist at relatively low energy ($\sim 250$ GeV). We consider proton decay in this model and show that it is consistent with a low grandunification scale. We also discuss the possible generation of a neutrino magnetic moment in the range of $10^{-11}$ to $10^{-10}\mu_B$ with a very small mass by the breaking of the embedded SU(2)$_\nu$ symmetry at a low energy.Comment: (16 pages in REVTEX + 6 figures not included) OITS-49

Global Conservation Significance of Ecuador's Yasuní National Park

Margot S. Bass is with Finding Species, Matt Finer is with Save America's Forests, Clinton N. Jenkins is with Duke University and University of Maryland, Holger Kreft is with University of California San Diego, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia is with King's College London and Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Shawn F. McCracken is with Texas State University and the TADPOLE Organization, Nigel C. A. Pitman is with Duke University, Peter H. English is with UT Austin, Kelly Swing is with Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Gorky Villa is with Finding Species, Anthony Di Fiore is with New York University, Christian C. Voigt is with Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Thomas H. Kunz is with Boston University.Background -- The threats facing Ecuador's Yasuní National Park are emblematic of those confronting the greater western Amazon, one of the world's last high-biodiversity wilderness areas. Notably, the country's second largest untapped oil reserves—called “ITT”—lie beneath an intact, remote section of the park. The conservation significance of Yasuní may weigh heavily in upcoming state-level and international decisions, including whether to develop the oil or invest in alternatives. Methodology/Principal Findings -- We conducted the first comprehensive synthesis of biodiversity data for Yasuní. Mapping amphibian, bird, mammal, and plant distributions, we found eastern Ecuador and northern Peru to be the only regions in South America where species richness centers for all four taxonomic groups overlap. This quadruple richness center has only one viable strict protected area (IUCN levels I–IV): Yasuní. The park covers just 14% of the quadruple richness center's area, whereas active or proposed oil concessions cover 79%. Using field inventory data, we compared Yasuní's local (alpha) and landscape (gamma) diversity to other sites, in the western Amazon and globally. These analyses further suggest that Yasuní is among the most biodiverse places on Earth, with apparent world richness records for amphibians, reptiles, bats, and trees. Yasuní also protects a considerable number of threatened species and regional endemics. Conclusions/Significance -- Yasuní has outstanding global conservation significance due to its extraordinary biodiversity and potential to sustain this biodiversity in the long term because of its 1) large size and wilderness character, 2) intact large-vertebrate assemblage, 3) IUCN level-II protection status in a region lacking other strict protected areas, and 4) likelihood of maintaining wet, rainforest conditions while anticipated climate change-induced drought intensifies in the eastern Amazon. However, further oil development in Yasuní jeopardizes its conservation values. These findings form the scientific basis for policy recommendations, including stopping any new oil activities and road construction in Yasuní and creating areas off-limits to large-scale development in adjacent northern Peru.The Blue Moon Fund, the Conservation, Food & Health Foundation, and the Forrest and Frances Lattner Foundation funded MF. The US National Science Foundation (Graduate Research Fellowship Program), Texas State University-Department of Biology, and TADPOLE funded SM. The US National Science Foundation, the L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, and Primate Conservation, Inc. funded AD. Establishment of the Tiputini Biodiversity Station supported by the US National Science Foundation–DBI-0434875 (Thomas H. Kunz, PI, with Laura M. MacLatchy, Christopher J. Schneider, and C. Kelly Swing, Co-PIs). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Biological Sciences, School o

Nueva especie de Sapo Andino del género Osornophryne (Amphibia: Bufonidae) del norte de Ecuador, con notas sobre la diversidad del género en Colombia

We describe a new species of Andean toad, Osornophryne angel sp. nov., based on specimens collected at Páramo del Angel, province of Carchi, Republic of Ecuador. This new species is a medium-sized toad diagnosed from other species of Osornophryne by having granular skin with glandular ridges and tubercles and by the presence of a projected papilla or a proboscis at the tip of the snout. Osornophryne angel sp. nov. exhibits strong sexual dimorphism, females are larger and have a projected papilla instead of the male’s extended proboscis at the tip of the snout. Considerations on the sexual dimorphism are important to evaluate intra and inter-specific variation in Osornophryne, and lack of its understanding has resulted in identification errors. We revised the taxonomic status of some Colombian populations recently reported in the literature, and found that specimens reported as O. bufoniformis in fact correspond to four different species, including a putatively undescribed species. Colombian specimens reported as O. antisana and O. guacamayo correspond to apparently undescribe taxa, thus the records of both species for Colombia are invalid.Describimos una nueva especie de sapo Andino, Osornophryne angel sp. nov., basados en especímenes colectados en el Páramo del Ángel, provincia del Carchi, República del Ecuador. Esta nueva especie es un sapo de tamaño medio que se diferencia de otras especies de Osornophryne por tener la piel granular con tubérculos y pliegues glandulares y por la presencia de una papila proyectada o una probóscide en la punta del hocico. Osornophryne angel sp. nov. exhibe un fuerte dimorfismo sexual, las hembras son más grandes y tienen una papilla proyectada en lugar de la probóscide extendida en la punta del hocico de los machos. Consideraciones sobre el dimorfismo sexual son importantes para evaluar la variación intra e inter-específica en Osornophryne, y la falta de su entendimiento ha resultada en errores de identificación. Revisamos el estado taxonómico de algunas poblaciones Colombianas recientemente reportada en la literatura y encontramos que especímenes reportados como O. bufoniformis de hecho corresponden a cuatro especies, incluyendo una especie putativamente nueva. Especímenes Colombianos reportados como O. antisana y O. guacamayo corresponden a taxones aparentemente indescritos, por lo que los registros de estas especies para Colombia no son válidos