Mutua disponibilità, prezzi e rimborsabilità di farmaci autorizzati con procedura centralizzata europea

The european pharmaceutical market doesn’t seem to be a common integrated european market as far as prices and reimbursements within different countries are concerned. Moreover, to better define such differences, little information is available because of the lack of homogeneous and updated european databases. The aim of this study is to assess mutual availability, prices and reimbursements of innovative drugs authorised by EMEA under European Centralised Procedure between 1995-2000 and marketed in five european countries (Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, France and Denmark). Our results demonstrate that the adoption of different drug-price definition models, within different Member States, is the main cause of the heterogeneity. Currently, in countries adopting a controlled drug-price system, prices are lower than prices set in countries that adopt an uncontrolled drug-price system. In this regard, Italy ranks in a middle position as products marketed in Italy generally have prices lower than in the United Kingdom and Denmark, and higher than in France and Spain. Product availability and level of drug breakthrough in the national markets seem to greatly affect the variations we noted among prices and reimbursements in different countries. Differences we observed emphasize the need of finding a common methodology at european level, in order to define the proven “therapeutic benefit” and the “therapeutic advantage” of innovative drugs, allowing a “right price” and reimbursement to the entitled

Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei: Past, Present and Future Research

This review discusses the current status of supermassive black hole research, as seen from a purely observational standpoint. Since the early '90s, rapid technological advances, most notably the launch of the Hubble Space Telescope, the commissioning of the VLBA and improvements in near-infrared speckle imaging techniques, have not only given us incontrovertible proof of the existence of supermassive black holes, but have unveiled fundamental connections between the mass of the central singularity and the global properties of the host galaxy. It is thanks to these observations that we are now, for the first time, in a position to understand the origin, evolution and cosmic relevance of these fascinating objects.Comment: Invited Review, 114 pages. Because of space requirements, this version contains low resolution figures. The full resolution version can be downloaded from http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/~lff/publications.htm

Dynamic modelling and analysis of the coupling MED-CSP

International audienc

Mutua disponibilità, prezzi e rimborsabilità di farmaci autorizzati con procedura centralizzata europea

The european pharmaceutical market doesn’t seem to be a common integrated european market as far as prices and reimbursements within different countries are concerned. Moreover, to better define such differences, little information is available because of the lack of homogeneous and updated european databases. The aim of this study is to assess mutual availability, prices and reimbursements of innovative drugs authorised by EMEA under European Centralised Procedure between 1995-2000 and marketed in five european countries (Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, France and Denmark). Our results demonstrate that the adoption of different drug-price definition models, within different Member States, is the main cause of the heterogeneity. Currently, in countries adopting a controlled drug-price system, prices are lower than prices set in countries that adopt an uncontrolled drug-price system. In this regard, Italy ranks in a middle position as products marketed in Italy generally have prices lower than in the United Kingdom and Denmark, and higher than in France and Spain. Product availability and level of drug breakthrough in the national markets seem to greatly affect the variations we noted among prices and reimbursements in different countries. Differences we observed emphasize the need of finding a common methodology at european level, in order to define the proven “therapeutic benefit” and the “therapeutic advantage” of innovative drugs, allowing a “right price” and reimbursement to the entitled