Fiscal transparency: cross-country comparisons

The evaluation of fiscal transparency impact on budget indicators performance is examined in the article according to the grouping of countries by the following features: budget transparency, income per capita, level of economic development and economic freedom. The main aim of the study is to determine the relationship between fiscal transparency indexes and indicators of countries’ development. As the result of evaluation it was determined that the main indicators of budget execution under the influence of its transparency vary in different groups of countries. In particular, the studies have shown that the value of Open Budget Index causes the reduction of public debt and the increase in the share of public expenditure, but in countries with high and medium level of development the opposite effect of budget transparency on public debt is characteristic, and the positive impact of budget transparency on the share of public expenditure is characteristic only for countries with high economic freedom

THE STATISTICAL DISPARITIES IN EDUCATIONAL AND DEVELOPMENT STRUCTURES IN TERRITORIAL PROFILE IN ROMANIA

Regional disparities in labor productivity basically explain regions` divergent development path. Education and specialization of labor force are key factors, which are nowadays changing rapidly and have an impact on development. Improved education is usually regarded as a source of productivity increase. The specialization of regions in traditional activities, such as subsistence agriculture, keeps a higher employment rate, but low productivity. During the empirical analysis, we used a series of regression and correlation methods, econometric tests to highlight the link, degree of intensity, and the relationship between education and growth through the use of the Pearson correlation coefficient. Territorial analysis of the employment of less educated people compresses important issues regarding territorial disparities in economic welfare. In particular, the analysis of education in Romania comprises two aspects (in the territorial and European regional context), each of which is structured according to the indicators survey: education level, gross domestic product, adult participation in lifelong learning, employment and the salary level based on information from the Population and Housing Census by making statistical correlations and interpretations

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISPARITIES REGARDING THE LEVEL OF EDUCATION OF THE POPULATION AND THE LEVEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ROMANIA AND IN THE REGIONAL PROFILE

Throughout this paper we undertook a research which goal is presented by the title, namely to elaborate a comparative analysis of the geographical disparities regarding the level of education of the population and the level of economic development in Romania and in the regional profile. Within the first sections of the paper we present the general coordinates of the framework components: regional economic and education level disparities. The problem of regional disparities has managed to become the most important economic policy in different regions of the EU, in the last two decades. Carrying out these general analyses of the territories in this geographical zone began, especially, after Greece, Spain, Portugal and then Romania joined the EU, states marked by significant regional imbalances, characterized by a low level of development in comparison with the other countries of the EU. Because in the developed countries, the structure of the economy is considered to be a basic condition, which must be taken into account in the process of economic development, we used these variables in order to evaluate the level of regional development and to understand the differences regarding the development between regions. The third section of the paper is presenting the comparative analyses of disparities regarding education in regional context in Romania. The analysis at the regional level of the employment of less educated people compresses important aspects  regarding the regional discrepancies in the economic welfare. Concretely, the analysis of the education in Romania comprises aspects, on the regional plan on the basis of the most representative indicators: the level of education of the population, the participation of adult population in lifelong learning, and the Gross Domestic Product per inhabitant, on a time horizon of 14 years, 2000-2014, by achieving correlations and statistical interpretations. The conclusions reflect that there are very big differences between the Bucharest-Ilfov region and the other regions of the country. Also the final ideas of the paper point out the serious problems the regional development confronts, by identifying these determining factors, they can be corrected more easily by implying massive efforts on a long time span

Different patterns of Toll-like receptor 2 polymorphisms in populations of various ethnic and geographic origins.

Item does not contain fulltextUpon the invasion of the host by microorganisms, innate immunity is triggered through pathogen recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the best-studied class of PRRs, and they recognize specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from various microorganisms. A large number of studies have shown that genetic variation in TLRs may influence susceptibility to infections. We assessed the genetic variation of TLR2, which encodes one of the most important TLRs, in various populations around the globe and correlated it with changes in the function of the molecule. The three best-known nonsynonymous TLR2 polymorphisms (1892C>A, 2029C>T, and 2258G>A) were assessed in different populations from the main continental masses: Romanians, Vlax-Roma, Dutch (European populations), Han Chinese (East Asia), Dogon, Fulani (Africa), and Trio Indians (America). The 2029C>T polymorphism was absent in both European and non-European populations, with the exception of the Vlax-Roma, suggesting that this polymorphism most likely arose in Indo-Aryan people after migration into South Asia. The 1892C>A polymorphism that was found exclusively in European populations, but not in Asian, African, or American volunteers, probably occurred in proto-Indo-Europeans. Interestingly, 2258G>A was present only in Europeans, including Vlax-Roma, but at a very low frequency. The differential pattern of the TLR2 polymorphisms in various populations may explain some of the differences in susceptibility to infections between these populations.1 mei 201