The possibility of predicting the performance of advanced ski elements based on the performance of basic ski elements

The aim of this research was to predict the success of the performance of advanced ski elements based on the level of performance of basic ski elements, with the ultimate purpose of improving training programmes for alpine ski beginners. The sample of participants consisted of 250 students of the Faculty of Kinesiology University of Zagreb who attended their mandatory classes of the university study subject of Skiing in the academic year 2021/22. The sample of variables consisted of the grades the students earned for their performance of four exam elements, two basic ski elements and the other two belonging to the advanced ski elements group. The basic ski elements were uphill turn (UT), for which the mean of two grades was taken for further analysis due to its performance to both sides – left and right, and snowplough turn (SPT). Advanced ski elements were parallel turn (PT) and short turn (ST). Besides descriptive statistics for each variable, two ordinal logistic regression models were constructed for determining the relationship between the performance of short turn based on the level of performance of snowplough turn, on the one hand, and on the other, between the performance of parallel turn based on the performance of uphill turn. The results of the first ordinal logistic regression analysis (short turn performance based on snowplough performance) showed the existence of a statistically significant linear association of the two ski elements performance (b=2.15, SE=0.72, p=.03). Similar results were obtained in the second ordinal logistic regression analysis for the other pair of ski elements (parallel turn performance based on uphill turn performance): b=2.36, SE=0.24, p<.001. Well acquired dynamic motor stereotypes, reflected in good performance of basic ski elements, are the basis for good performance of advanced ski elements, therefore skipping any step in the teaching process based on progression could have a negative impact on achieving the desired goals

Ski helmets: are they preventing injuries of recreational alpine skiers? – An evidence based review

Alpsko skijanje je popularan sport s rastućim brojem rekreativnih skijaša, no i sport uz kojeg se vežu ozljede. Posebno teške su ozljede glave, koje ponekad budu i razlogom smrtnog ishoda. Upravo se ovakve ozljede pokušavaju spriječiti nošenjem skijaških kaciga. Iako broj skijaša rekreativaca koji koriste kacigu stalno raste, nažalost broj ozljeda glave ne prati istom brzinom očekivani trend, što skijašku kacigu ostavlja vječitom temom polemika u skijaškom društvu. Cilj rada bio je utvrditi razloge za i protiv skijaških kaciga u prevenciji ozljeda glave tijekom rekreativnog alpskog skijanja, a izvori podataka su članci izdvojeni su kroz pretraživanje elektronskih baza podataka PubMed, EMBASE i Cochrane Library (2000-2018), a dodatno su sve izdvojene reference i manualno pretražene. Uključeni su članci koji su obrađivali ulogu kacige tijekom rekreativnog alpskog skijanja; oni u kojima je spominjana prevencija ozljeda glave, ali i članci koji su obrađivali ulogu skijaške kacige i rizično ponašanje, odnosno razaznavanje zvuka za vrijeme nošenja skijaške kacige. Uključeni su originalni znanstveni radovi, publicirani na engleskom jeziku i u časopisima s recenzijom. Isključeni su revijalni radovi i radovi koji su se bavili skijaškom kacigom u natjecateljskom alpskom skijanju. Autor je pregledavao i vrednovao sve radove. Posebno su analizirani podaci o dizajnu studija, uključenoj populaciji te podaci o preventivnoj/potencijalno štetnoj ulozi kaciga. Navedeni su podaci kategorizirani kako bi olakšali daljnju sintezu. U konačnici je uključeno 17 studija koje su zadovoljile navedene kriterije odabira. Detaljna meta-analiza nije bila moguća, jer uključeni članci nisu imali dovoljno podataka. Također, u analizu nije bilo uključenih randomiziranih studija, obzirom da takve iz područja rekreativnog alpskog skijanja i skijaških kaciga ne postoje iz etičkih razloga. Skijaške kacige imaju važnu ulogu u smanjenju broja ozljeda glave, posebno u djece i alpskih skijaša mlađe dobi. Uz njihovo se nošenje uglavnom veže trend pada ozljeda glave, no nije zabilježen i pad broja smrtnih ishoda uslijed ozljeda glave. Razlog tome moguće je u rizičnijem ponašanju koje nositelji skijaških kaciga prakticiraju te češće skijanje van uređenih skijaških staza, odnosno u snježnim parkovima.Alpine skiing is a popular sport with growing number of recreational skiers involved. It is also a sport associated with injuries, among which head injuries are especially dangerous while they can increase morbidity and lead to mortality of skiers. Mentioned are potentially preventable by ski helmets. Although use of ski helmets among recreational skiers is on a constant rise, the number of ski-associated head injuries is not following the decreasing trend at the same pace, thus leaving the issue of ski helmet an open polemics among skiing society. The aim of this review was to compare the pro’s and con’s for helmets to reduce the risk of head injury. Relevant literature search included PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library during years 2000-2018, with additional manual search of all extracted articles. Included were articles examining role of ski helmet during recreational skiing. Both those arguing for helmets and those against. Included were only original articles, in English and with peer review. Excluded were review articles and those investigating the role of helmet during ski racing. The author searched and graded all articles with special attention put on study design, included population and the role on potential preventive/hazardous role of ski helmets. Mentioned data was categorized in order to make the synthesis easier. In the end, 17 studies were included in final analysis. Meta analysis could not be performed due to missing data. Moreover, there were no published randomized studies, which are not performed due to ethical reasons. Ski helmets have an important role in the prevention of ski injuries, especially in children and young recreational skiers. There is a falling trend of injuries correlating with use of ski helmets, but unfortunately not a significant reduction in mortality. The potential explanation for the mentioned is in more risk taking behavior and skiing in snow parks

SPORT NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE OF COACHES

Prehrana sportaša interes je znanstvenika već desetljećima, od kada postoje takmičenja prisutno je pitanje što jesti i piti da bi se poboljšao rezultat. Danas sigurno znamo da prehrana sportaša utječe na njihovo zdravlje, sastav tijela i masu, iskoristivost energenata za vrijeme aktivnosti, oporavak i izvedbu. Cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrđivanje znanja o prehrani kod sportskih trenera – trenera košarke i skijanja. Uzorak ispitanika bio je sastavljen od hrvatskih košarkaških trenera (N=32) i trenera skijanja (N=24). Znanje o sportskoj prehrani utvrđeno je putem odgovarajućeg upitnika. Upitnik o znanju o sportskoj prehrani bio je koncipiran tako da utvrdi znanje sportaša o prehrani općenito, o sastojcima neophodnim da bi sportaši osigurali dovoljne količine energije za trening i natjecanja, o dodacima prehrani, o obrocima prije treninga i natjecanja, kao i tijekom oporavka te o značaju tekućine, dehidraciji i rehidraciji za vrijeme treninga i natjecanja. Anketa je bila anonimna. Dobiveni podaci su obrađeni odgovarajućim statističkim postupcima, pomoću statističkog paketa STATISTICA. Sagledavajući rezultate u cjelini može se zaključiti da je poznavanje prehrane od strane košarkaških i skijaških trenera zadovoljavajuće. Od ukupno 1232 ispravna odgovora oni su ostvarili 959 ili 77.8% ispravnih odgovora ili u prosjeku po pojedinom pitanju 43 ispravna odgovora uz raspon od 24 točna odgovora pa do punih 56. Međutim kada se pogledaju pojedinačni odgovori onda se zadovoljstvo zbog relativno visokog postotka ispravnih odgovora donekle gubi jer se mogu jasno uočiti neke značajne manjkavosti u sveukupnom znanju i to o vrlo bitnim pitanjima prehrane sportaša. Upravo stoga može se ustvrditi da bi sportski nutricionist trebao biti jedan od važnih čimbenika u trenerskom timu.The nutrition of athletes has been of interest to scientists for decades and since the origins of sports competitions the questions about what to eat and what to drink in order to improve performance have been raised. Today there are scientific proofs that an adequate dietary habits influences in a large extent to an athlete\u27s health, body composition, and energetic pathways during the activity as well as during the competition or recovery. Athletes should be well informed about the food groups, caloric intake, and daily meal schedule. As the previous investigations showed, the athletes obtain most of their knowledge about nutrition from their coaches, especially physical conditioning coaches. The major aim of this study would be determination of the level of knowledge about nutrition. The sample consisted of 32 basketball and 24 skiing coaches from Croatia. The knowledge about the sports nutrition was tested by means of questionnaire. The questionnaire was constructed based on the results of previous studies conducted at the Faculty of Kinesiology and the results from international studies. It consisted of items determining the general knowledge about nutrition, nutritional ingredients needed for providing adequate energy level in sports, items about supplements, meal schedule before training and competition and recovery, and of items testing the knowledge about importance of liquids, dehydration and rehydration during and after training and competition. Surveys were anonymous and the data obtained were analysed by statistical software STATISTICA for WINDOWS. According to the results obtained we concluded that the level of knowledge about nutrition basketball and skiing coaches globally is satisfactory but inadequate in some segments, especially in the part of nutritional supplements and energy sources. It also can be concluded that the sources of information for nutritional facts that coaches use are not always scientifically justified

Review of interventions aimed to reduce stress in nurses employed in psychiatric clinics

Stres na radnom mjestu uzrokuje niz problema i poremećaja u radnom procesu te zdravstvenom stanju, psihološkom i socijalnom funkcioniranju (1). Stres na radu je specifična vrsta stresa čiji je izvor u radnom okolišu. Stres povezan s radom je odgovor kojim ljudi reagiraju kada se susretnu sa zahtjevima rada i pritiscima koji ne odgovaraju njihovom znanju i sposobnosti da se sa njima nose. Stres se javlja u širokom rasponu radnih okolnosti, a često se pogoršava kada zaposlenici osjećaju da imaju slabu potporu od nadglednika, kolega te kada imaju slabu kontrolu nad radom i načinom svladavanja radnih zahtjeva i pritisaka. U ovom preglednom radu obraĎena je tema štetnosti stresa, čije djelovanje ima niz posljedica te fizioloških, psiholoških i bihevioralnih reakcija. Rad ţeli ponuditi sistematičan pregled postupaka za prevenciju i sprečavanje štetnih ishoda stresa. Skrb za mentalno zdravlje zaposlenika, a osobito vrlo stresnih zanimanja poput zanimanja medicinske sestre, nije luksuz već profesionalna obveza. U organizaciji koja se brine o svojim zaposlenicima, istaknuto mjesto treba imati sustavno planiranje i provoĎenje organizacijskih mjera za smanjenje radnog stresa. U ovom radu bit će ponuĎene organizacijske intervencije koje za cilj imaju prevenciju stresa. Dosadašnje spoznaje jasno ukazuju da je smanjenje rizika od stresa u radnom okruţenju vezano uz učinkovito upravljanje koje respektira moguće probleme vezane uz stres, pronalazeći odgovarajuća organizacijska rješenja i uključujući zaposlenike u traţenje tih rješenja.Once it occurs, stress at work causes a wide spectrum of problems and challenges in the work environment as well as it affects mental health, physical and social wellbeing of a person. When a person is faced with challenges and deadlines which question and go beyond his/her capability, stress occurs. At work stress appears in all different circumstances and often progresses when there is not much support from the management and colleagues, or when one is challenged by expectations and a workload. A theme of this master´s thesis are negative physical, psychological and behavioural differences in a person caused by stress. A good work strategy would mean a stress prevention and would lessen its negative influence on employees such as medical workers without whom our society cannot go without. Strategic planning and a correct organisational approach to reduce stress at work is essential in the organisation that takes good care of its employees. Organisational interventions and their aim to reduce stress is the main theme of this master´s thesis. Research shows that proactive and effective leadership/management, that respects its employees and challenges they face, significantly reduces possibility of stress by offering solutions and including employees in creating them

Review of interventions aimed to reduce stress in nurses employed in psychiatric clinics

Stres na radnom mjestu uzrokuje niz problema i poremećaja u radnom procesu te zdravstvenom stanju, psihološkom i socijalnom funkcioniranju (1). Stres na radu je specifična vrsta stresa čiji je izvor u radnom okolišu. Stres povezan s radom je odgovor kojim ljudi reagiraju kada se susretnu sa zahtjevima rada i pritiscima koji ne odgovaraju njihovom znanju i sposobnosti da se sa njima nose. Stres se javlja u širokom rasponu radnih okolnosti, a često se pogoršava kada zaposlenici osjećaju da imaju slabu potporu od nadglednika, kolega te kada imaju slabu kontrolu nad radom i načinom svladavanja radnih zahtjeva i pritisaka. U ovom preglednom radu obraĎena je tema štetnosti stresa, čije djelovanje ima niz posljedica te fizioloških, psiholoških i bihevioralnih reakcija. Rad ţeli ponuditi sistematičan pregled postupaka za prevenciju i sprečavanje štetnih ishoda stresa. Skrb za mentalno zdravlje zaposlenika, a osobito vrlo stresnih zanimanja poput zanimanja medicinske sestre, nije luksuz već profesionalna obveza. U organizaciji koja se brine o svojim zaposlenicima, istaknuto mjesto treba imati sustavno planiranje i provoĎenje organizacijskih mjera za smanjenje radnog stresa. U ovom radu bit će ponuĎene organizacijske intervencije koje za cilj imaju prevenciju stresa. Dosadašnje spoznaje jasno ukazuju da je smanjenje rizika od stresa u radnom okruţenju vezano uz učinkovito upravljanje koje respektira moguće probleme vezane uz stres, pronalazeći odgovarajuća organizacijska rješenja i uključujući zaposlenike u traţenje tih rješenja.Once it occurs, stress at work causes a wide spectrum of problems and challenges in the work environment as well as it affects mental health, physical and social wellbeing of a person. When a person is faced with challenges and deadlines which question and go beyond his/her capability, stress occurs. At work stress appears in all different circumstances and often progresses when there is not much support from the management and colleagues, or when one is challenged by expectations and a workload. A theme of this master´s thesis are negative physical, psychological and behavioural differences in a person caused by stress. A good work strategy would mean a stress prevention and would lessen its negative influence on employees such as medical workers without whom our society cannot go without. Strategic planning and a correct organisational approach to reduce stress at work is essential in the organisation that takes good care of its employees. Organisational interventions and their aim to reduce stress is the main theme of this master´s thesis. Research shows that proactive and effective leadership/management, that respects its employees and challenges they face, significantly reduces possibility of stress by offering solutions and including employees in creating them

Home-Based Exercise During the Coronavirus Pandemic – A Useful, yet Challenging Treatment Strategy for Improvement of Mental Health, Glycemic Control and COVID-19 Outcomes in Patients With Diabetes

Lockdown measures to control disease transmission were implemented at the start of the COVID-19 era, worsening the already existing sedentary lifestyle. Reduced physical activity (PA) and unhealthy eating habits have a negative impact on mental health in chronically ill patients, including diabetes patients. Mental illness, on the other hand, encourages a sedentary lifestyle, exacerbating all components of metabolic syndrome. While well-controlled diabetic patients with an HbA1c of less than 7% had a less severe clinical presentation and COVID-19 mortality rates, the favorable effect of PA on immunomodulation and immunoregulation should not be neglected. Given recent data indicating that a sedentary lifestyle is the third independent risk factor for COVID-19 complications and death (after advanced age and organ transplant), including regular PA has never been more vital. Since PA has a major impact on both glycemic control and mental health, implementing structured home-based activity programs could improve glycemic control and psychological well-being, hence positively impacting COVID-19 outcomes

Hormoni i starenje

Since the 19th century, there have been sporadic attempts to attribute the changes of aging to one or another endocrine deficit and efforts to reverse these changes by various replacement therapies. This search for a hormonal ‘fountain of youth’ continues today.Još od 19. stoljeća bilo je sporadičnih pokušaja da se promjene u starenju pripišu nekom endokrinom deficitu, kao i nastojanja da se utječe na te promjene različitim nadomjesnim terapijama. Ta potraga za hormonskim ‘izvorom mladosti’ traje do današnjih dana

Participation of the Faculty of Geodesy University of Zagreb in the Festival of Science 2012, April 23-28, 2012

Desetu godinu za redom Sveučilište u Zagrebu, British Council i Tehnički muzej organizirali su u Zagrebu Festival znanosti, šestodnevnu manifestaciju koja na jednostavan i zanimljiv način popularizira znanost povezujući javnost, mlade, znanost i medije.The Festival of Science was organized for the 10th year in a row by the University of Zagreb, the British Council and the Technical Museum in Zagreb. It is a six-day event which popularizes science in a simple and interesting way by connecting the public, youth, science and media

Accuracy of a Part of the 2. Order Triangulation in Croatia

U radu je, na temelju nesuglasica u zatvaranju trokuta, ocijenjena vanjska točnost za dio mreže 2. reda Hrvatske, primjenom metoda matematičke statistike. Promatrani uzorak je mreža od 53 trigonometrijske točke, pa se može smatrati da je točnost uzorka ujedno i dobar pokazatelj vanjske točnosti za cijelu mrežu 2. reda naše Republike. Primijenjeni kriteriji provjere suglasnosti niza nesuglasica s normalnom razdiobom pokazuju da su mjerenja, pored slučajnih, opterećena i preostalih sustavnim (sistematskim) pogreškama mjerenja.On the basis of some discrepancies with regard to the closing of triangle this paper presents the estimation of the exterior accuracy for a part of 2. order network in Croatia whereby the method of mathematical statistics has been used. The observed sample is the network containing 53 trigonometric points, so the accuracy of this sample can be at the same time regarded as an indicator of the exterior accuracy for the whole 2. order network of Croatia. The applied criteria for the verification of accordance among many discrepancies with normal distribution show that the measurements are burdened with the rest of the systematic measurement errors, beside the accidental ones