23 research outputs found
Odporność łodyg tradycyjnej i samokończącej odmiany bobiku (Vicia faba Spp. minor) na zginanie. Cz. I. Wpływ budowy morfologicznej łodyg
The present research investigated two faba-bean cultivars: traditional Neptun
and self-completing Granit harvested from the experimental field of the Mochełek
Experiment Station, the Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, the University of
Technology and Life Sciences, over 2008-2010. The analysis of morphological
characteristics was made at two seed maturity stages: physiological and technical. The
stem strength traits: stem section modulus Wy and maximum bending load σ were
determined with the use of INSTRON 8874 universal testing machine (High Wycombe)
applying 80 mm stem fragments sampled from the internode right under the first pods.
The faba bean cultivars investigated, despite the lack of differences in the degree of
lodging, differed significantly in terms of 5 out of 7 morphological traits researched. As
for the physiological seed maturity, average stem section modulus Wy was significantly
higher than at full maturity. Average maximum bending stress σ (stem resistance to
bending), on the other hand, was significantly differentiated neither by the degree of seed
maturity nor the faba bean cultivar. The increase in the total stem length and the setting
height of the 1st pod and the length of fruit-bearing shoot, as well as the stem thickness
and its inner diameter was accompanied by the increase in the stem section modulus and
a decrease in stem resistance to bending.Przedmiotem badań były rośliny dwóch odmian bobiku: tradycyjnej Neptun
i samokończącej Granit, zebrane w latach 2008-2010 z pola doświadczalnego Stacji
Badawczej w Mochełku, należącej do Wydziału Rolnictwa i Biotechnologii UTP. Analizę
cech morfologicznych wykonano w dwóch fazach dojrzałości nasion – fizjologicznej
i technicznej. Cechy wytrzymałościowe łodyg – wskaźnik wytrzymałości przekroju
łodygi na zginanie Wy i maksymalne obciążenie zginające σ określono na maszynie
wytrzymałościowej INSTRON 8874 (High Wycombe) na 80 mm fragmentach łodyg
pobranych z międzywęźla tuż pod pierwszymi strąkami. Odmiany bobiku, pomimo braku
różnic w stopniu wylegania, różniły się istotnie pod względem 5 spośród 7 badanych cech
morfologicznych. W dojrzałości fizjologicznej nasion średnia odporność przekroju łodygi
na zginanie Wy była istotnie wyższa niż w dojrzałości pełnej. Z kolei średnie maksymalne
naprężenie zginające σ (odporności łodygi na zginanie) nie było istotnie różnicowane ani
przez stopień dojrzałości nasion, ani odmianę bobiku. Wzrostowi całkowitej długości
łodyg oraz wysokości osadzenia 1. strąka i długości pędu owocującego, a także grubości
łodygi i jej wewnętrznej średnicy towarzyszyło zwiększanie wskaźnika odporności
przekroju łodygi na zginanie i zmniejszanie odporności łodygi na zginanie
Calcium dependency of interleukin-1 secretion by a chicken macrophage cell line
The role of calcium in transducing the signal for interleukin-1 (IL-1) secretion was examined in the MQ-NCSU chicken macrophage cell line. Cells were maintained in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 5% chicken serum and antibiotic-antimycotic solution at 40 C and 5% CO2. The effects of stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), calcium ionophore A23187, or a combination of both on IL-1 secretion were examined. Calcium ionophore A23187 did not replace LPS in MQ-NCSU stimulation but the LPS + A23187 combination stimulated more IL-1 than ionophore alone in these cells. The combination of LPS and ionophore did not increase IL-1 secretion above the levels observed with LPS alone. No synergistic effects between LPS and A23187 were evident. In order to demonstrate that IL-1 secretion by the MQ-NCSU cells is a calcium-dependent process, ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N\u27,N\u27-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) was used to chelate free calcium in the cultures. Incorporation of 5 mM EGTA in the cultures lowered IL-1 stimulated by LPS + A23187 to control levels. Addition of 5 mM CaC12 to EGTA-suppressed cultures restored IL-1 secretion. These results indicate that the calcium ionophore, A23187, augments IL-1 secretion by LPS-stimulated MQ-NCSU macrophages and that IL-1 secretion by these cells is a calcium-dependent process
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Synthesis of Carbamoyl Fluorides Using a Difluorophosgene Surrogate Derived from Difluorocarbene and Pyridine N-Oxides
We report a method for the synthesis of carbamoyl fluorides from secondary amines using bench-stable, inexpensive, and readily accessible starting materials that, when combined, yield a surrogate for toxic difluorophosgene (COF2) gas. In contrast to state-of-the-art methods for the synthesis of carbamoyl fluorides, our protocol does not require the use of pre-functionalized substrates, the preparation of light-, temperature-, and/or moisture-sensitive chemicals, or the application of explosive fluorinating reagents
Ultra-high pressure and ultra-reduced minerals in ophiolites may form by lightning strikes
Since ultra-high pressure (UHP) minerals have been discovered in ophiolites from Tibet and the Polar Urals, it is speculated that the mantle sections of ophiolites may originate deep within the mantle. The UHP minerals are frequently found together with ultra-reduced silicides, carbides, and nitrides. Consequently, it is argued that the deep mantle, or at least domains within it, must be highly reduced, so reduced that practically all transition elements at depth are present in the metallic state. We find it problematic to rewrite the history of ophiolite complexes based on these observations and suggest we should search for alternative and more realistic modes of origin. Electric discharge experiments at >6000 K reported here show that the UHP and highly reduced phase assemblages may precipitate from plasmas. We argue that the mineral assemblages may originate by lightning strikes. As such, they may not record the origin and emplacement history of the mantle lithologies within which they occur