The Application by National Courts of International Treaties of the Russian Federation

The article is devoted to the actual problem of the application of international treaties by Russian courts in the settlement of disputes. The legal positions of the judiciary, formed taking into account the norms  of international treaties, affect the content of national legislation. The subject of the research in this article is the norms of national and international law, which serve as the legal basis for the application of international treaties at the domestic level. The article deals with the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal legislation, in accordance with which the process of applying international legal acts in national courts is implemented. Practical experience is summarized by analyzing the actual  judicial practice, including the practice of arbitration courts. The Author  identifies and describes the characteristic features of Russian legislation and law enforcement practice aimed at the mandatory application of international norms in the courts of Russia. The article analyzes the implementation of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights in national judicial practice. The Author notes that in the Russian Federation, the consolidation of international standards, including European ones, is possible thanks to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as other norms of domestic law. The special attention is paid to the decisions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, which contain instructions for judges on the application of international treaties of  the Russian Federation. There is a tendency to increase the use of international legal norms in the process of consideration of cases of various categories by judicial bodies, primarily the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. On the basis of the conducted research, the Author makes the conclusion about the mandatory application of international treaties of the Russian Federation for the effective and fair administration of justice and the need for uniform application of the norms of international law in practice, including by the highest judicial authorities. The legal positions of these courts reflect the obligation of the state,  represented by authorities, officials, and all law enforcement agencies, to comply with and apply international treaties of the Russian Federation

To the Question of Legal Regulation of International Adoption

He article is devoted to the actual problem of foreign adoption in international and national law, the legislation of foreign countries. The subject of research in this article is the norms of international law, Russian and foreign legislation governing the process of adoption of Russian children by foreign citizens. The Author considers the international experience, as well as the ratio of international and national law in the field of adoption. The сharacteristic features of the activities of judicial bodies and guardianship and trusteeship bodies in foreign countries are identified and described. The Author analyzes the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, the Family Code of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law “On the state data bank on children without parental care”, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Convention on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law and recognition of decisions on adoption and the Convention on the Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect of Foreign Adoption, other domestic and foreign regulatory acts regulating the basis of the institution of international adoption. Based on the study, the Author concludes that it is necessary to control the competent authorities implementing the international adoption procedure, as well as to refer to the experience of foreign countries in creating a specialized court that deals with adoption cases and exercising control over the activities of the guardianship authorities, and according to in a number of states, which will allow the Russian legislator to help strengthen the position of the family institution in our country

PARTNERSHIP OF PEDAGOGY AS A ETHICS CONCEPT A NEW UKRAINIAN SCHOOL

In the process of building a new Ukrainian school, the importance of training pedagogical staff for the implementation of the practice of partnership pedagogy is growing. The concept "New Ukrainian School" embodies the best essential features associated with the peculiarities of pedagogical morality, aimed at asserting the teacher's humanistic position. A reform aimed at introducing European experience and best domestic practices can have a three-vector structure: an ethical vector, a pedagogical vector, an innovation vector. Pedagogical ethics as a component of the science of morality examines the peculiarities of the professional culture of the pedagogical community. The pedagogical vector is actualized in the context of the problem of perfection of the teacher's professional competence. Innovative vector unfolding in the direction of implementing the basic principles of partnership pedagogy.Keywords: new Ukrainian school, partnership pedagogy, ethics, pedagogical ethics, morality, professional  competence , humanistic position.Чуркина В. Г., кандидат искусствоведения, Воронина Г. Л., кандидат педагогических наук, Педагогика партнерства как этический концепт новой украинской школы / Харьковская академия непрерывного образования, Украина, Харьков В процессе развития новой украинской школы усиливается значение подготовки педагогических работников к внедрению в практику работы педагогики партнерства. В Концепции «Новая украинская школа» воплощены лучшие содержательные характеристики, связанные с особенностями педагогической морали, направленные на становление гуманистической позиции учителя. Реформа, направленная на использование  европейского опыта и лучших отечественных практик, может иметь тривекторную структуру: этический вектор, педагогический вектор, инновационный вектор. Педагогическая этика как составляющая науки о морали изучает особенности профессиональной культуры педагогического сообщества. Педагогический вектор актуализируется в контексте проблемы развития профессиональной компетентности учителя. Инновационный вектор разворачивается в направлении реализации основных принципов педагогики партнерства..Ключовые слова: новая украинская школа, педагогика партнерства, этика, педагогическая этика, мораль, профессиональная компетентность, гуманистическая позиція.Чуркіна В. Г., кандидат мистецтвознавства, Вороніна Г. Л., кандидат педагогічних наук, Педагогіка партнерства як етичний концепт нової української школи / Харківська академія неперервної освіти, Україна, Харків У процесі розбудови нової української школи зростає значення підготовки педагогічних працівників до впровадження в практику роботи педагогіки партнерства. Концепція «Нова українська школа» втілює найкращі суттєві характеристики, пов’язані з особливостями педагогічної моралі, спрямованими на утвердження гуманістичної позиції вчителя. Реформа, спрямована на впровадження європейського досвіду та кращих вітчизняних практик, може мати тривекторну структуру: етичний вектор, педагогічний вектор, інноваційний вектор. Педагогічна етика як складова науки про мораль вивчає особливості професійної культури педагогічної спільноти. Педагогічний вектор актуалізується в контексті проблеми досконалості професійної компетентності вчителя. Інноваційний вектор розгортається в напрямі реалізації основних засад педагогіки партнерства. Ключові слова: нова українська школа, педагогіка партнерства, етика, педагогічна етика, мораль, професійна компетентність, гуманістична позиція.

TCF7L2 gene polymorphism in populations of f ive Siberian ethnic groups

Investigation of the frequencies of functionally signif icant gene variants in the context of medical biology and gene geography is a relevant issue for studying the genetic structure of human populations. The transition from a traditional to an urbanized lifestyle leads to a higher incidence of civilizational diseases associated with metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus. The goal of the present paper is to analyze the frequencies of functionally signif icant gene alleles in the metabolic prof iles of indigenous Siberian peoples to identify the gene pool resilience, evaluate the susceptibility of various ethnic groups to metabolic disorders under changing environmental conditions, and predict the epidemiological situation that may occur in the near future. The study was performed in the monoethnic samples of eastern and western Buryats, Teleuts, Dolgans, and two territorial groups of Yakuts. A real-time PCR was used to determine the frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) G103894T, rs12255372, and C53341T, rs7903146 in the TCF7L2 gene. The results obtained were compared to the frequencies identif ied for Russians from Eastern Siberia and the values available in the literature. The frequencies of the polymorphic variants studied in the samples from the indigenous Siberian peoples place them in between Caucasian and East Asian populations, following the geographic gradient of polymorphism distribution. A signif icantly lower occurrence of type 2 diabetes risk alleles TCF7L2 (103894T) and TCF7L2 (53341T) in the samples of indigenous Siberian peoples compared to Russians was observed, which agrees with their lower susceptibility to metabolic disorders compared to the newcomer Caucasian population. Taking into account urbanization, a reduced growth in type 2 diabetes incidence may be predicted in indigenous Siberian peoples, i. e. Buryats, Yakuts, Dolgans, and Teleuts, compared to the newcomer Caucasian population. A further study of population structure with respect to different metabolic prof ile genes is required to better understand the molecular genetic foundations of the adaptive potential of indigenous Siberian peoples

Genetic polymorphism of CYP1A1 and CYP2D6 in populations of Buryats, Teleuts and Russians of Eastern Siberia

The study of the gene polymorphism of the system of biotransformation of xenobiotics is an important area of modern medical and genetic research. The aim of this work is to study the frequency of the alleles of the CYP1A1 (A2455G (*2C), rs1048943), CYP2D6 (A2549del (*3), rs35742686); G1846A (*4), rs3892097) genes of Teleuts (n = 115), Eastern Buryats (n = 132), Western Buryats (n = 280), their Métis (n = 56), and Russians of East Siberia (n = 122). Genotyping was performed using real-time PCR with competitive TaqMan allele-specific probes. The frequency of the CYP1A1*2C (2455G) allele was 28.8 % in the Eastern Buryat, 34.6 % in the Western Buryat, 16.7 % in the Teleut, and 31.3 % in the Métis cohort. The frequency of CYP1A1*2C (2455G) in the Russians of Eastern Siberia (4.1 %) corresponds to the frequency range found in European populations. A high-frequency occurrence of CYP1A1*2C (2455G) among Buryats and Teleuts may be indicative of a higher population-wide risk of diseases influenced by technogenic pollutants – substrates of CYP1A1. The CYP2D6*3 (2549del) allele was not detected in cohorts of indigenous populations, among Russians it was 0.4 %, and it was 2.7 % among Métis. The frequency of CYP2D6*4 (1846A) in Eastern and Western Buryats was 5.3 % and 4.3 %, respectively, for Teleuts it was 7.4 %. It was significantly higher in the Russian population (12 %), and among Métis (9.8 %). The obtained data makes it possible to predict a reduced risk of side effects of drugs and cancer associated with CYP2D6*3 (2549del) and CYP2D6*4 (1846A) in the Buryat and Teleut populations. However, metisation introduces new polymorphic variants into indigenous populations, shifts gene frequencies and changes the degree of risks

The ILE462VAL polymorphism of the cytochrome P450 CYP1A1 gene among Tundra Nenets in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Nganasans in the Taimyr Peninsula and Russians in Siberia

The work concerns a polymorphism of the cytochrome Р450 CYP1A1 gene, the CYP1A1*2C variant (Ile462Val, rs1048943). This substitution results in a two- fold increase in enzyme activity, which leads to accumulation of active intermediates and increases the risk of DNA mutations and chemically induced carcinogenesis. It has been demonstrated that the 462Val allele may be a risk factor in some oncological and other multifactorial diseases. This study was performed on Tundra Nenets in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (N = 271), Nganasans in the Taimyr Peninsula (N = 186) and Russians in North Siberia (N = 267). The cohorts did not include descendants of mixed marriages. Genotyping was performed using Real-Time PCR with competitive TaqMan allele-specific probes. The frequency of the 462Val allele in the Tundra Nenets cohort was 23.8 % (95 % CI 20.4–27.6 %), which corresponds to the frequency range found in East Asian populations and is higher than the values typical of European populations. The 462Val allele frequency in the Russian cohort was 5.8 % (95 % CI 4.1–8.1 %), which corresponds to the frequency range of European populations. The 462Val allele frequency in the Nganasans cohort was 39.0 % (95 % CI 34.2–44.0 %), which is higher than the frequencies found in European, Asian and African populations. Frequencies of the  462Val variant close to that in Nganasans have been observed in Greenland Inuits, native Americans as a whole and the Southern Chinese. A high-frequency occurrence of the 462Val allele among Tundra Nenets and Nganasans may be indicative of a populationwide risk of diseases influenced by this genetic polymorphism, especially when traditional mainstays are gone or previously unknown ecotoxicants appear in the areas

The Effects of Warming-Shifted Plant Phenology on Ecosystem Carbon Exchange Are Regulated by Precipitation in a Semi-Arid Grassland

BACKGROUND: The longer growing season under climate warming has served as a crucial mechanism for the enhancement of terrestrial carbon (C) sink over the past decades. A better understanding of this mechanism is critical for projection of changes in C cycling of terrestrial ecosystems. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A 4-year field experiment with day and night warming was conducted to examine the responses of plant phenology and their influences on plant coverage and ecosystem C cycling in a temperate steppe in northern China. Greater phenological responses were observed under night than day warming. Both day and night warming prolonged the growing season by advancing phenology of early-blooming species but without changing that of late-blooming species. However, no warming response of vegetation coverage was found for any of the eight species. The variances in species-level coverage and ecosystem C fluxes under different treatments were positively dependent upon the accumulated precipitation within phenological duration but not the length of phenological duration. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These plants' phenology is more sensitive to night than day warming, and the warming effects on ecosystem C exchange via shifting plant phenology could be mediated by precipitation patterns in semi-arid grasslands