Area Query Processing Based on Gray Code in Wireless Sensor Networks

Area query processing is significant for various applications of wireless sensor networks since it can request information of particular areas in the monitored environment. Existing query processing techniques cannot solve area queries. Intuitively centralized processing on Base Station can accomplish area queries via collecting information from all sensor nodes. However, this method is not suitable for wireless sensor networks with limited energy since a large amount of energy is wasted for reporting useless data. This motivates us to propose an energy-efficient in-network area query processing scheme. In our scheme, the monitored area is partitioned into grids, and a unique gray code number is used to represent a Grid ID (GID), which is also an effective way to describe an area. Furthermore, a reporting tree is constructed to process area merging and data aggregations. Based on the properties of GIDs, subareas can be merged easily and useless data can be discarded as early as possible to reduce energy consumption. For energy-efficiently answering continuous queries, we also design an incremental update method to continuously generate query results. In essence, all of these strategies are pivots to conserve energy consumption. With a thorough simulation study, it is shown that our scheme is effective and energy-efficient

Research on active control strategy of vibration in complex environment

FxLMS algorithm has been widely used in active vibration control field theoretically. This paper is aimed at the complex situations in actual environment including interference and occasional divergence due to algorithm. Firstly the effects to control process and result caused by those situations are analyzed, then select different means based on different characteristics of the effects to deal with them, and integrate all those means to derive a new optimal control strategy which is suitable to actual applications. The experiment shows that the improved control strategy can response effectively different occasional situations without any weakness of normal control, and it can promote the practical application ability of the algorithm and is able to adapt to complex environments in active vibration control

Self-synchronization theory of a dual mass vibrating system driven by two coupled exciters. Part 2: Numeric analysis

The coupling dynamic characteristics of the vibrating system with dual mass are analyzed quantitatively. Both the load torque and the coupling torque have three items. Two of them are concerned with the translation of the system, and the third item is related to the rotation of the system. Through numerical computation, the effects of translation and rotation in the system are considered in relation to the self-synchronization. The phase difference of two eccentric blocks is caused by the difference of the rated revolution of two motors. The stability of the synchronous operation is dependent on the structural parameters of the system, such as the mass ratio of two eccentric blocks and the distance between motor and centroid of the rigid frame. Simulation is carried out to verify that the system can be synchronized and the model can ensure the stability of synchronization if the parameters of the system meet the conditions of synchronous implementation and stability. Simulations are also performed for the case of self-synchronization of two motors with different rated revolutions

Self-synchronization theory of a dual mass vibrating system driven by two coupled exciters. Part 1: Theoretical analysis

A vibration model is proposed and analyzed dynamically to study the selfsynchronization theory of dual-mass vibration system. The differential equations of systematic motion are derived by applying Lagrange’s equations. As two uncertain parameters, the coefficients of instantaneous change of average angular velocity and the phase difference of two exciters are introduced to derive the coupling equations of angular velocity of the two exciters. The conditions of synchronous implementation and stability are derived by utilizing the modified small parameter average method treated as non-dimension to the parameters. The swing of the vibration model plays a major role in the self-synchronization of two motors. The mass ratio of two eccentric blocks has an effect on the stability of synchronous operation

Effects of tree trunks on estimation of clumping index and LAI from HemiView and terrestrial LiDAR

Estimating clumping indices is important for determining the leaf area index (LAI) of forest canopies. The spatial distribution of the clumping index is vital for LAI estimation. However, the neglect of woody tissue can result in biased clumping index estimates when indirectly deriving them from the gap probability and LAI observations. It is difficult to effectively and automatically extract woody tissue from digital hemispherical photos. In this study, a method for the automatic detection of trunks from Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) data was used. Between-crown and within-crown gaps from TLS data were separated to calculate the clumping index. Subsequently, we analyzed the gap probability, clumping index, and LAI estimates based on TLS and HemiView data in consideration of woody tissue (trunks). Although the clumping index estimated from TLS had better agreement (R-2 = 0.761) than that from HemiView, the change of angular distribution of the clumping index affected by the trunks from TLS data was more obvious than with the HemiView data. Finally, the exclusion of the trunks led to a reduction in the average LAI by similar to 19.6% and 8.9%, respectively, for the two methods. These results also showed that the detection of woody tissue was more helpful for the estimation of clumping index distribution. Moreover, the angular distribution of the clumping index is more important for the LAI estimate than the average clumping index value. We concluded that woody tissue should be detected for the clumping index estimate from TLS data, and 3D information could be used for estimating the angular distribution of the clumping index, which is essential for highly accurate LAI field measurements

Synchronization for a vibrating system with octa-motors drives on an isolation frame

The aim of this paper is to investigate combination of vibration isolation for four vibrating machines with eight unbalanced rotors to eliminate the dynamic forces that the system acts on the foundation. By using the average method of modified small parameters and modal analysis, we deduce the dimensionless coupling equations of the eight unbalanced rotors, which convert the problem of synchronization for the eight unbalanced rotors into that of existence and stability of zero solutions for the dimensionless coupling equations. By combining the existence of zero solutions for the dimensionless coupling equations with the general dynamic symmetry for two coupled unbalanced rotors in one vibrating machine, the synchronization criterion and the stability criterion are obtained by using the generalized Lyapunov equation, Lyapunov criterion and Routh-Hurwitz criterion. Computer simulations are carried out to verify the above theoretical results. The results of computer simulation demonstrate that a pair of unbalanced rotors in one vibrating machine can synchronize at a phase difference of π, the phase differences among the four vibrating machines are between the two opposite. The four vibrating machines can vibrate only in z-direction, while the isolation frame is at rest during the working process. When the power supply of one motor in any vibrating machine is switched off, the coupling characteristics of the system can transfer energy from the unbalanced rotors with power supply to that without power supply to extend synchronization of the eight unbalanced rotors

The operation mechanism of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) dots in high efficiency polymer solar cells

The highly efficient polymer solar cells were realized by doping poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (PFO) dots into active layer. The dependence of doping amount on devices performance was investigated and a high efficiency of 7.15% was obtained at an optimal concentration, accounting for a 22.4% enhancement. The incorporation of PFO dots (Pdots) is conducted to the improvement of Jsc and fill factor mainly due to the enhancement of light absorption and charge transport property. Pdots blended in active layer provides an interface for charge transfer and enables the formation of percolation pathways for electron transport. The introduction of Pdots was proven an effective way to improve optical and electrical properties of solar cells

Minimally-Supervised Speech Synthesis with Conditional Diffusion Model and Language Model: A Comparative Study of Semantic Coding

Recently, there has been a growing interest in text-to-speech (TTS) methods that can be trained with minimal supervision by combining two types of discrete speech representations and using two sequence-to-sequence tasks to decouple TTS. To address the challenges associated with high dimensionality and waveform distortion in discrete representations, we propose Diff-LM-Speech, which models semantic embeddings into mel-spectrogram based on diffusion models and introduces a prompt encoder structure based on variational autoencoders and prosody bottlenecks to improve prompt representation capabilities. Autoregressive language models often suffer from missing and repeated words, while non-autoregressive frameworks face expression averaging problems due to duration prediction models. To address these issues, we propose Tetra-Diff-Speech, which designs a duration diffusion model to achieve diverse prosodic expressions. While we expect the information content of semantic coding to be between that of text and acoustic coding, existing models extract semantic coding with a lot of redundant information and dimensionality explosion. To verify that semantic coding is not necessary, we propose Tri-Diff-Speech. Experimental results show that our proposed methods outperform baseline methods. We provide a website with audio samples

Erratum: “The operation mechanism of poly (9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) dots in high efficiency polymer solar cells” [Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, 193904 (2015)]

We have noticed an error in Fig. 7 of the original article. Figs. 7(a) and 7(b) should be exchanged and the revised figure is shown below. We apologize for this error.

Self-synchronization theory of a dual mass vibrating system driven by two coupled exciters. Part 1: Theoretical analysis

A vibration model is proposed and analyzed dynamically to study the selfsynchronization theory of dual-mass vibration system. The differential equations of systematic motion are derived by applying Lagrange’s equations. As two uncertain parameters, the coefficients of instantaneous change of average angular velocity and the phase difference of two exciters are introduced to derive the coupling equations of angular velocity of the two exciters. The conditions of synchronous implementation and stability are derived by utilizing the modified small parameter average method treated as non-dimension to the parameters. The swing of the vibration model plays a major role in the self-synchronization of two motors. The mass ratio of two eccentric blocks has an effect on the stability of synchronous operation