Evaluation of Risk of Bias in Neuroimaging-Based Artificial Intelligence Models for Psychiatric Diagnosis: A Systematic Review

IMPORTANCE Neuroimaging-based artificial intelligence (AI) diagnostic models have proliferated in psychiatry. However, their clinical applicability and reporting quality (ie, feasibility) for clinical practice have not been systematically evaluated. OBJECTIVE To systematically assess the risk of bias (ROB) and reporting quality of neuroimagingbased AI models for psychiatric diagnosis. EVIDENCE REVIEW PubMed was searched for peer-reviewed, full-length articles published between January 1, 1990, and March 16, 2022. Studies aimed at developing or validating neuroimaging-based AI models for clinical diagnosis of psychiatric disorders were included. Reference lists were further searched for suitable original studies. Data extraction followed the CHARMS (Checklist for Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modeling Studies) and PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines. A closed-loop cross-sequential design was used for quality control. The PROBAST (Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool) and modified CLEAR (Checklist for Evaluation of Image-Based Artificial Intelligence Reports) benchmarks were used to systematically evaluate ROB and reporting quality. FINDINGS A total of 517 studies presenting 555 AI models were included and evaluated. Of these models, 461 (83.1%; 95%CI, 80.0%-86.2%) were rated as having a high overall ROB based on the PROBAST. The ROBwas particular high in the analysis domain, including inadequate sample size (398 of 555 models [71.7%; 95%CI, 68.0%-75.6%]), poor model performance examination (with 100% of models lacking calibration examination), and lack of handling data complexity (550 of 555 models [99.1%; 95%CI, 98.3%-99.9%]). None of the AI models was perceived to be applicable to clinical practices. Overall reporting completeness (ie, number of reported items/number of total items) for the AI models was 61.2%(95%CI, 60.6%-61.8%), and the completeness was poorest for the technical assessment domain with 39.9%(95%CI, 38.8%-41.1%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This systematic review found that the clinical applicability and feasibility of neuroimaging-based AI models for psychiatric diagnosis were challenged by a high ROB and poor reporting quality. Particularly in the analysis domain, ROB in AI diagnostic models should be addressed before clinical application

A high resolution atlas of gene expression in the domestic sheep (Ovis aries)

Sheep are a key source of meat, milk and fibre for the global livestock sector, and an important biomedical model. Global analysis of gene expression across multiple tissues has aided genome annotation and supported functional annotation of mammalian genes. We present a large-scale RNA-Seq dataset representing all the major organ systems from adult sheep and from several juvenile, neonatal and prenatal developmental time points. The Ovis aries reference genome (Oar v3.1) includes 27,504 genes (20,921 protein coding), of which 25,350 (19,921 protein coding) had detectable expression in at least one tissue in the sheep gene expression atlas dataset. Network-based cluster analysis of this dataset grouped genes according to their expression pattern. The principle of 'guilt by association' was used to infer the function of uncharacterised genes from their co-expression with genes of known function. We describe the overall transcriptional signatures present in the sheep gene expression atlas and assign those signatures, where possible, to specific cell populations or pathways. The findings are related to innate immunity by focusing on clusters with an immune signature, and to the advantages of cross-breeding by examining the patterns of genes exhibiting the greatest expression differences between purebred and crossbred animals. This high-resolution gene expression atlas for sheep is, to our knowledge, the largest transcriptomic dataset from any livestock species to date. It provides a resource to improve the annotation of the current reference genome for sheep, presenting a model transcriptome for ruminants and insight into gene, cell and tissue function at multiple developmental stages

High Density Culture Process and Growth Kinetics of Flavor Yeast A10-2

In order to realize the high-density culture and establish the predictive growth kinetics model of a self-isolated flavor yeast, the high-density culture process was studied of 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol producing yeast A10-2, which screened from soy sauce fermentation mash. The type of culture medium (nitrogen and carbon source) and concentration were studied and optimized. The growth kinetics and the substrate (total sugar) consumption models were established and verified. The results showed that (NH4) H2PO4 fed to make the concentration of culture medium 0.2 g/100 mL was the best inorganic source of nitrogen. To obtain the best cell growth rate, molasses as the only source of carbon, should be fed which controlled the concentration of total sugar in the culture medium to 0.4~0.6 g/100 mL. The growth of A10-2 yeast followed the S-shaped curve of a Logistic model, and the substrate (total sugar) consumption followed the Leudeking-Priet equation. The maximum obtained biomass specific growth rate μm was 0.4764 h−1, while the maximum biomass growth yield coefficient YG was 0.5879 g/g. The maintenance coefficient was 0.0127 g·L−1·h−1. The established models could better describe the growth and sugar consumption of yeast in the process of high-density culture, and have predictive significance

Mass spectrometry identification of the liquor contained in the plum vase excavated from Jurou Li’s Grave of the Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 CE) in Xi’an, Shannxi, China

Abstract In order to accurately identify the ancient liquid contained in the plum vase excavated from Jurou Li’s Grave of the Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 CE) in Xi’an, mass spectrometry was applied to determine the amino acid sequences of the residual proteins extracted from the liquid sample. The sequences were searched against a standard protein sequence database. The proteins extracted was identified as glycosyltransferase from Sorghum bicolor, calcium-dependent protein kinase 2 from Wickerhamomyces ciferrii, and cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit Rieske from Nadsonia fulvescens. These findings indicate that the extremely degraded liquid in the plum vase was made from the cereal of sorghum by alcoholic fermentation of Wickerhamomyces ciferrii and Nadsonia fulvescens, providing direct evidence for liquor in the Jin Dynasty

Effects of aging processes on the microstructure, texture, properties and precipitation kinetics of the Cu–Cr–Zr–Nb alloy

The Cu–Cr–Zr–Nb alloy bars were prepared by vacuum melting, hot forging, solution treatment, and drawing. The effects of aging processes on the microstructure, texture, mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of the alloy were studied, and the precipitation kinetics was analyzed. Besides, the effect of adding Nb to the Cu–Cr–Zr alloy was simulated by the first-principles calculation. The results showed that when the aging temperature increased from 400 °C to 460 °C, Cube texture and Brass texture were transformed into Copper texture. The Cu–Cr–Zr–Nb alloy exhibited superior comprehensive properties such as a hardness of 84.3 HRB, a tensile strength of 520 MPa, an elongation of 19.0 %, and an electrical conductivity of 83.5 International Annealed Copper Standard (%IACS) after being aged at 460 °C for 4 h. The precipitation kinetics and electrical conductivity equations under different aging temperatures were established, and the precipitation activation energy of 24 kJ/mol was obtained. Moreover, the precipitation process of the alloy was also described by the Avrami empirical equation. It was found that the reaction mechanism of the alloy changed from nucleation and growth to one-dimensional diffusion as the aging temperature increased from 400 °C to 520 °C. It was also confirmed that Nb and Cr formed the Cr2Nb compound according to the first-principles calculation

Osteogenic Differentiation Capacity of In Vitro Cultured Human Skeletal Muscle for Expedited Bone Tissue Engineering

Expedited bone tissue engineering employs the biological stimuli to harness the intrinsic regenerative potential of skeletal muscle to trigger the reparative process in situ to improve or replace biological functions. When genetically modified with adenovirus mediated BMP2 gene transfer, muscle biopsies from animals have demonstrated success in regenerating bone within rat bony defects. However, it is uncertain whether the human adult skeletal muscle displays an osteogenic potential in vitro when a suitable biological trigger is applied. In present study, human skeletal muscle cultured in a standard osteogenic medium supplemented with dexamethasone demonstrated significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity approximately 24-fold over control at 2-week time point. More interestingly, measurement of mRNA levels revealed the dramatic results for osteoblast transcripts of alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoproteins, transcription factor CBFA1, collagen type I, and osteocalcin. Calcified mineral deposits were demonstrated on superficial layers of muscle discs after an extended 8-week osteogenic induction. Taken together, these are the first data supporting human skeletal muscle tissue as a promising potential target for expedited bone regeneration, which of the technologies is a valuable method for tissue repair, being not only effective but also inexpensive and clinically expeditious

Thrombus magnetic susceptibility is associated with recanalization and clinical outcome in patients with ischemic stroke.

In acute ischemic stroke patients with large vessel occlusion, the characteristics of the occluding thrombus on neuroimaging may be associated with recanalization after endovascular thrombectomy (EVT); however, the relationship between magnetic susceptibility of thrombus and clinical outcome remains unclear. We utilized quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) MRI to assess the magnetic susceptibility of thrombus in acute ischemic stroke patients undergoing EVT, and to evaluate its relationship with recanalization and functional outcomes. Patients with documented intracranial artery occlusion were consecutively recruited from one research center of the RESCUE-RE study (a registration study for Critical Care of Acute Ischemic Stroke After Recanalization). All the recruited patients underwent a 3D multi-echo MRI scan on a 3.0 T scanner for both susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) and QSM quantification of the thrombus. Among 61 patients included in the analyses, 51 (75.0 %) patients achieved thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) 2b/3 and 22 (36.1 %) patients had favorable functional outcomes. Successful recanalization was significantly associated with a higher thrombus magnetic susceptibility mean value (0.27 ± 0.09 vs 0.20 ± 0.09 ppm, p = 0.020) and lower coefficient of variation (0.42 ± 0.12 vs 0.52 ± 0.19, p = 0.024). ROC curve analysis showed the optimal cutoff value for thrombus susceptibility for predicting good clinical outcomes was 0.25 ppm (sensitivity 86.4 %, specificity 69.2 %). In multivariable logistic regression analyses, increased thrombus magnetic susceptibility was independently and significantly associated with good functional outcomes (adjusted odds ratio 15.11 [95 % confidence interval 2.64-86.46], p = 0.002). This study demonstrated that the increased thrombus magnetic susceptibility is associated with successful recanalization and favorable functional outcomes for intracranial artery occluded stroke patients

Photo-Initiated Enhanced Antibacterial Therapy Using a Non-Covalent Functionalized Graphene Oxide Nanoplatform

This study describes a novel antibacterial phototherapeutic platform for highly efficient healing of bacteria-infected wounds. It is based on the photodynamic and physical actions of a zinc tetraaminophthalocyanine-modified graphene oxide nanocomposite produced via non-covalent functionalization. The nanocomposite is positively charged and can easily capture negatively charged bacteria via electrostatic interactions. The antibacterial action is two-fold: (1) reactive oxygen species are produced by the phthalocyanine photosensitizer after short-term exposure to 680 nm light and (2) the graphene oxide can physically cut bacterial cell membranes. These enhanced activities can kill Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at very low dosages. An ultrastructural examination indicates that this nanocomposite causes enormous damage to bacterial morphology and leakage of intracellular substances that lead to bacterial death. A rat wound model is used to demonstrate that the proposed phototherapeutic platform has low cytotoxicity and can promote rapid healing in bacteria-infected wounds. These results suggest that the integration of different antibacterial methods into a single nanotherapeutic platform is a promising strategy for anti-infective treatment