Roles of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein [beta] and [-delta] in immunoglobulin G immune complex-induced Inflammation

CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) &beta and C/EBP&delta are known to participate in the regulation of many genes associated with inflammation. However, little is known about the activation and function of C/EBP&beta and -&delta in inflammatory responses elicited by Fc&gamma receptor (Fc&gammaR) activation. Here I showed that C/EBP&beta and -&delta activation were induced in immunoglobulin G immune complex (IgG IC)-treated macrophages by using gel shift assays. The increased expression of C/EBP&beta and -&delta occurred at both mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, induction of C/EBP&beta and -&delta was mediated, to a large extent, by activating Fc&gammaRs. Using small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown as well as macrophages deficient for C/EBP&beta and/or -&delta, I demonstrated that C/EBP&beta and -&delta played a critical role in the production of tumor necrosis factor-&alpha (TNF-&alpha), macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1&alpha (MIP-1&alpha) in IgG IC-stimulated macrophages. Moreover, both extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) were involved in C/EBP induction and TNF-&alpha, MIP-2, and MIP-1&alpha production induced by IgG IC. I provided the evidence that complement component 5a (C5a) regulated IgG immune complex-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages by enhancing ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK activities as well as C/EBP&beta and -delta activities. To further explore the roles of C/EBP&beta and C/EBP&delta in Fc&gammaR-mediated inflammatory responses in vivo, I used IgG IC-induced acute lung injury model. I showed that both C/EBP&beta and C/EBP&delta activation were triggered in lungs challenged by IgG IC. I further demonstrated that C/EBP&beta but not C/EBP&delta deficient mice displayed significant attenuation of pulmonary vascular permeability and neutrophil accumulation when compared with wild type mice. Moreover, C/EBP&beta deficient mice expressed considerable less inflammatory mediators compared with wild type littermates. Together, these data indicate that both C/EBP&beta and C/EBP&delta act as inflammatory stimulators in vitro during IgG IC-mediated inflammation. However, it is C/EBP&beta but not C/EBP&delta depletion attenuates IgG IC-induced lung inflammatory reactions in vivo

New insights for C5a and C5a receptors in sepsis

The complement system plays a central role in inflammation and immunity. Among the complement activation products, C5a is one of the most potent inflammatory peptides with a broad spectrum of functions. There is strong evidence for complement activation including elevated plasma level of C5a in humans and animals with sepsis. C5a exerts its effects through the C5a receptors. Of the two receptors that bind C5a, the C5aR (CD88) is known to mediate signaling activity, whereas the function of another C5a binding receptor, C5L2, remains largely unknown. Here, we review the critical role of C5a in sepsis and summarize evidence indicating that both C5aR and C5L2 act as regulating receptors for C5a during sepsis

Silica sulfuric acid promoted one-pot synthesis of benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine derivatives under solvent-free conditions

A simple and efficient synthesis of benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine derivatives has been accomplished by the reaction of 2-aminobenzimidazole, aldehydes and β-dicarbonyl compounds under solvent-free conditions in the presence of silica sulfuric acid. KEY WORDS: Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine, Silica sulfuric acid, 2-Aminobenzimidazole, Aromatic aldehydes, β-Dicarbonyl compounds, Solvent-free Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2010, 24(3), 417-423

Myeloid depletion of SOCS3 enhances LPS‐induced acute lung injury through CCAAT/enhancer binding protein δ pathway

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154512/1/fsb2027008005.pd

Using an Ensemble of Incrementally Fine-Tuned CNNs for Cross-Domain Object Category Recognition

When the training data is inadequate, it is difficult to train a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) from scratch with randomized initial weights. Instead, it is common to train a source CNN model on a very large data set beforehand, and then use the learned source CNN model as an initialization to train a target CNN model. In deep learning realm, this procedure is called fine-tuning a CNN. This paper presents an experimental study on how to combine a collection of incrementally fine-tuned CNN models for cross-domain and multi-class object category recognition tasks. A group of fine-tuned CNN models is trained on the target data set by incrementally transferring parameters from a source CNN model trained on a large data set initially. The last two fully-connected (FC) layers of the source CNN model are eliminated, and two New FC layers are added to make the learned new CNN model suitable for the target task. Based on Caltech-101 and Office data sets, the experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and good performance of the proposed methods. The proposed method is more suitable for the object recognition task when there is inadequate target training data

Properties of GH4169 Superalloy Characterized by Nonlinear Ultrasonic Waves

The nonlinear wave motion equation is solved by the perturbation method. The nonlinear ultrasonic coefficients β and δ are related to the fundamental and harmonic amplitudes. The nonlinear ultrasonic testing system is used to detect received signals during tensile testing and bending fatigue testing of GH4169 superalloy. The results show that the curves of nonlinear ultrasonic parameters as a function of tensile stress or fatigue life are approximately saddle. There are two stages in relationship curves of relative nonlinear coefficients β′ and δ′ versus stress and fatigue life. The relative nonlinear coefficients β′ and δ′ increase with tensile stress when tensile stress is lower than 65.8% of the yield strength, and they decrease with tensile stress when tensile stress is higher than 65.8% of the yield strength. The nonlinear coefficients have the extreme values at 53.3% of fatigue life. For the second order relative nonlinear coefficient β′, there is good agreement between the experimental data and the comprehensive model. For the third order relative nonlinear coefficient δ′, however, the experiment data does not accord with the theoretical model

An essential role for Stat3 in regulating IgG immune complex‐induced pulmonary inflammation

Growing evidence suggests that transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) 3 may play an important regulatory role during inflammation. However, the function of Stat3 in acute lung injury (ALI) is largely unknown. In the current study, by using an adenoviral vector expressing a dominant‐negative Stat3 isoform (Ad‐Stat3‐EVA), we determined the role of Stat3 in IgG immune complex (IC)‐induced inflammatory responses and injury in the lung from C57BL/6J mice. We show that IgG IC‐induced DNA binding activity of Stat3 in the lung was significantly inhibited by Stat3‐EVA. We demonstrate that both lung vascular permeability (albumin leak) and lung myeloperoxidase accumulation in the Ad‐Stat‐EVA treated mice were substantially reduced when compared with values in mice receiving control virus (Ad‐GFP) during the injury. Furthermore, intratracheal administration of Ad‐Stat3‐EVA caused significant decreases in the contents of neutrophils, inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α and IL‐6), chemokines [keratinocyte cell‐derived chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1α, and MIP‐1β], and complement component C5a in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. Using Stat3‐specific small interfering RNA, we show that knocking down Stat3 expression in alveolar macrophages (MH‐S cells) significantly reduced the production of proinflammatory mediators on IgG IC stimulation. These data suggest that Stat3 plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of IgG IC‐induced ALI by mediating the acute inflammatory responses in the lung and alveolar macrophages.—Tang, H., Yan, C., Cao, J., Sarma, J. V., Haura, E. B., Wu, M., Gao, H. An essential role for Stat3 in regulating IgG immune complex‐induced pulmonary inflammation. FASEB J. 25, 4292–4300 (2011). www.fasebj.orgPeer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154500/1/fsb2fj11187955.pd

Reaction between mid-ocean ridge basalt and lower oceanic crust: an experimental study

Reaction between mid‐ocean ridge basalt (MORB) and crystal mush in the lower oceanic crust has been invoked to explain chemical variations of both MORB and minerals in the lower oceanic crust. Nonetheless, such reactions have been little studied experimentally. We conducted experiments to investigate the mechanisms and chemical consequences of melt‐mush interaction by reacting molten MORB with troctolite at 0.5 GPa. Isothermal experiments demonstrate that melt infiltrates into troctolite with dissolution of plagioclase and olivine. The reacted melts have higher MgO and Al2O3 and lower TiO2 and Na2O contents and crystallize more primitive olivine and plagioclase compared to those crystallized from the unreacted melts, suggesting melt‐mush reaction could result in the formation of high‐Al basalt. The melt compositional variations induced by reaction also significantly affect the calculated pressures for MORB fractionation, indicating that major element‐based barometers for MORB fractionation can only be used reliably if reaction can be ruled out. After reaction, the troctolite contains olivine with plagioclase inclusions and poikilitic clinopyroxene with partially resorbed olivine and plagioclase chadacrysts, indicating that melt‐mush interaction occurs through dissolution‐reprecipitation mechanisms. Clinopyroxene has high Mg# (>83) and elevated Na2O and TiO2 contents, and olivine has different Fo versus Ni correlations from fractional crystallization models, which provide testable parameters for the effect of melt‐mush reaction in the rock record. By comparison with samples from lower oceanic crust and layered intrusions, we propose that melt‐mush reaction plays an important role during magma transport in the crystal mush in both oceanic and continental magma systems

A Multiphase Strategy for Realizing Green Cathodoluminescence in 12CaO·7Al2O3–CaCeAl3O7:Ce3+,Tb3+ Conductive Phosphor

A multiphase strategy is proposed and successfully applied to make the insulating green phosphor CaCeAl3O7:Tb3+ conductive in the form of 12CaO·7Al2O3–CaCeAl3O7:Ce3+,Tb3+. The phosphor shows bright green-light emission with a short lifetime (2.51 ms) under low-voltage electron beam excitation (3 kV). The green photo- and cathodoluminescence from 5D4–7FJ (J = 6, 5, 4, 3) transitions of Tb3+ are significantly enhanced in comparison with pure C12A7:Tb3+. It was confirmed that this enhancement is the consequence of the joint effects of energy transfer from Ce3+ to Tb3+ and broadening of the absorption spectrum of Ce3+ due to the existence of multiple phases. In particular, under 800 V electron beam excitation, cathodoluminescence is improved by the modified electrical conductivity of the phosphor. When compared to the commercial Zn2SiO4:Mn2+ with a long luminescence lifetime of 11.9 ms, this conductive green phosphor has greater advantage for fast displays