New functionalised 3-hydroxypyridines

This thesis is concerned with the synthesis and reactions of functionalised 3- liydroxypyridines, in particular 2-aryl- and 2-heteroary 1-3-liydroxypyridines by non- coupling methodology, from furan precursors. Chapter 1 reviews the synthesis and reactions of 3-hydroxypyridines. Chapter 2 describes the synthesis of 2-acylfurans via differing methods, which include acylation of the furan nucleus, Grignard reactions of furaldehydes and, most notably, reaction of lithiofurans with reagents containing a nitrile component. Chapter 3 concerns reaction of acylfurans with ammonia at high pressure and temperature to produce 3-hydroxypyridines. We have found that this ring expansion is able to withstand many differing substituents including bromine. Further development of the pyridine ring system involves reaction of the ring atoms or substituents, including protection of the hydroxy group. This ring expansion was used in the development of a novel azabenzotriazole starting from a simple furan compound, and this is reported in Chapter 4.The methodology described in this thesis is versatile and has allowed access to a range of novel pyridine derivatives in synthetically useful quantities which should be of interest in many areas of organic chemistry

Vice-Chancellors should welcome staff participation in the governance of their university’s international partnerships

Universities and higher education institutions in the UK have a more international profile than at any prior point in their existence. As a consequence, they face entanglement in geopolitical issues. In this post, Andreas Fulda, John Heathershaw and Andrew Chubb argue for the increased involvement of academic staff in decision making surrounding internationalisation and for the greater use of academic expertise in guiding university policies in this area

Comparison of atmospheric electric field measurements by a pole mounted fieldmeter and by a horizontal wire antenna

a b s t r a c t The studies reported show that measurements of atmospheric electric fields by pole mounted electrostatic fieldmeters can match measurements by a horizontal antenna wire. Some differences were experienced early in the tests that cannot yet be explained. The differences are tentatively attributed to tribocharging actions during initial set up of the antenna system and by wind blown airborne particulates at the antenna wire. Pole mounted fieldmeters provide opportunity for long term unattended measurements in quite adverse weather conditions with continuous checking of operational health against debris, spider's webs, etc

Education Reform for the Digital Era

Will the digital-learning movement repeat the mistakes of the charter-school movement? How much more successful might today's charter universe look if yesterday's proponents had focused on the policies and practices needed to ensure its quality, freedom, and resources over the long term? What mistakes might have been avoided? Damaging scandals forestalled? Missed opportunities seized

Hypo‐collagenesis in photoaged skin predicts response to anti‐aging cosmeceuticals

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/98115/1/jocd12037.pd

Cell and molecular transitions during efficient dedifferentiation

Dedifferentiation is a critical response to tissue damage, yet is not well understood, even at a basic phenomenological level. Developing Dictyostelium cells undergo highly efficient dedifferentiation, completed by most cells within 24 hr. We use this rapid response to investigate the control features of dedifferentiation, combining single cell imaging with high temporal resolution transcriptomics. Gene expression during dedifferentiation was predominantly a simple reversal of developmental changes, with expression changes not following this pattern primarily associated with ribosome biogenesis. Mutation of genes induced early in dedifferentiation did not strongly perturb the reversal of development. This apparent robustness may arise from adaptability of cells: the relative temporal ordering of cell and molecular events was not absolute, suggesting cell programmes reach the same end using different mechanisms. In addition, although cells start from different fates, they rapidly converged on a single expression trajectory. These regulatory features may contribute to dedifferentiation responses during regeneration

Rudist mollusks

15 p. ; 24 cm.Includes bibliographical references (p. 14-15)