A Muscle-Specific p38 MAPK/Mef2/MnSOD Pathway Regulates Stress, Motor Function, and Life Span in Drosophila

SummaryMolecular mechanisms that concordantly regulate stress, life span, and aging remain incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that in Drosophila, a p38 MAP kinase (p38K)/Mef2/MnSOD pathway is a coregulator of stress and life span. Hence, overexpression of p38K extends life span in a MnSOD-dependent manner, whereas inhibition of p38K causes early lethality and precipitates age-related motor dysfunction and stress sensitivity, that is rescued through muscle-restricted (but not neuronal) add-back of p38K. Additionally, mutations in p38K are associated with increased protein carbonylation and Nrf2-dependent transcription, while adversely affecting metabolic response to hypoxia. Mechanistically, p38K modulates expression of the mitochondrial MnSOD enzyme through the transcription factor Mef2, and predictably, perturbations in MnSOD modify p38K-dependent phenotypes. Thus, our results uncover a muscle-restricted p38K-Mef2-MnSOD signaling module that influences life span and stress, distinct from the insulin/JNK/FOXO pathway. We propose that potentiating p38K might be instrumental in restoring the mitochondrial detoxification machinery and combating stress-induced aging

Glossary on atmospheric electricity and its effects on biology

[EN] There is an increasing interest to study the interactions between atmospheric electrical parameters and living organisms at multiple scales. So far, relatively few studies have been published that focus on possible biological effects of atmospheric electric and magnetic fields. To foster future work in this area of multidisciplinary research, here we present a glossary of relevant terms. Its main purpose is to facilitate the process of learning and communication among the different scientific disciplines working on this topic. While some definitions come from existing sources, other concepts have been re-defined to better reflect the existing and emerging scientific needs of this multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary area of research.This paper is based upon work from the COST Action "Atmospheric Electricity Network: coupling with the Earth System, climate and biological systems (ELECTRONET)," supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). AO received funding from Poland Ministry of Science and Higher Education for statutory research of the Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences (Grant No 3841/E-41/S/2019).Fdez-Arroyabe, P.; Kourtidis, K.; Haldoupis, C.; Savoska, S.; Matthews, J.; Mir, LM.; Kassomenos, P.... (2021). Glossary on atmospheric electricity and its effects on biology. International Journal of Biometeorology. 65(1):5-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-020-02013-9S529651Adrovic F (2012) Editor, Gamma radiation, IntechOpen.Alberts B (2014). Molecular biology of the cell (6th ed.). New York. ISBN 9780815344322Ambus Per, (2015) Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern Sophie, in Biology of the Nitrogen Cycle, 2007.G.P. Robertson1, P.M. Groffman2, in Soil Microbiology, Ecology and Biochemistry (4th Edition)Apollonio F, Liberti M, Paffi A, Merla C, Marracino P, Denzi A, Marino C, d’Inzeo G (2013) Feasibility for microwaves energy to affect biological systems via nonthermal mechanisms: a systematic approach. IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Techn 61(5):2031–2045. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2013.2250298Arnold F (1986) Atmospheric ions. Stud Environ Sci 26(103-133):135–142Barrington-Leigh CP, Inan US, Stanley M (2001) Identification of sprites and elves with intensified video and broadband array photometry. J Geophys Res 106(2):1741Bazilevskaya G (2000) Observations of variability in cosmic rays. Space Sci Rev 94:25–38. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026721912992Benson D, Markovich A, Lee SH (2010) Ternary homogeneous nucleation of H2SO, NH3, H2O under conditions relevant to the lower troposphere. Atmos Chem Phys 10(9):22395–22414Bonnafous P et al (1999) The generation of reactive-oxygen species associated with long-lasting pulse-induced electropermeabilization of mammalian cells is based on a non-destructive alteration of the plasma membrane. Biochim et BiophysActa (BBA) - Biomembr 1461:123–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-2736(99)00154-6Bór (2013) Optically perceptible characteristics of sprites observed in Central Europe in 2007-2009. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys 92:151–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2012.10.008Bowker GE, Crenshaw HC (2007) Electrostatic forces in wind-pollination, Part 1: Measurement of the electrostatic charge on pollen. Atmos Environ 41(8):1587–1595Buonsanto MJ (1999) Ionospheric storms–a review. Space Sci Rev 88:563–601Chafai DE et al (2019) Reversible and irreversible modulation of tubulin self-assembly by intense nanosecond pulsed electric fields. Adv Mater 31:e1903636Chalmers JA (1949) Atmospheric electricity, 1st edn. Pergamon Press, OxfordChilingarian A, Soghomonyan S, Khanikyanc Y, Pokhsraryan D (2019) On the origin of particle fluxes from thunderclouds. Astropart Phys 105:54–62Cifra M, Pospíšil P (2014) Ultra-weak photon emission from biological samples: definition, mechanisms, properties, detection and applications. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 139:2–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.02.009Cifra M, Fields JZ, Farhadi A (2011) Electromagnetic cellular interactions. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 105(3):223–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2010.07.003Cifra M, Apollonio F, Liberti M et al (2020) Possible molecular and cellular mechanisms at the basis of atmospheric electromagnetic field bioeffects. Int J Biometeorol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-020-01885-1Clarke D, Whitney H, Sutton G, Robert D (2013) Detection and learning of floral electric fields by bumblebees. Science 340:66–69Clarke D, Morley E, Robert D (2017) The bee, the flower, and the electric field: electric ecology and aerial electroreception. J Comp Physiol A 203(9):737–748Corbet SA, Beament J, Eisikowitch D (1982) Are electrostatic forces involved in pollen transfer? Plant Cell Environ 5(2):125–129Daintith and Gould (2006) The facts on file dictionary of astronomy/edited by John Daintith, William Gould New York, NY: Facts on File, c1994. Call # 520.3 FA. “Cosmic rays are a global source of ionization distributed through the Galaxy.” Source: Dalgarno, A. (2006), InterstelDal Maso M, Kulmala M, Lehtinen KEJ, Mäkelä JM, Aalto P, O’Dowd CD (2002) Condensation and coagulation sinks and formation of nucleation mode particles in coastal and boreal forest boundary layers. J Geophys Res 107. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd00Dal Maso M, Kulmala M, Riipinen I, Wagner R, Hussein T, Aalto PP, Lehtinen KEJ (2005) Formation and growth of fresh atmospheric aerosols: eight years of aerosol size distribution data from SMEAR II, Hyytiälä, Finland. Boreal Environ Res 1:2005Diaz AF, Felix-Navarro RM (2004) A semi-quantitative tribo-electric series for polymeric materials: the influence of chemical structure and properties. J Electrost 62(4):277–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2004.05.005Djafer D, Irbah A (2013) Estimation of atmospheric turbidity over Ghardaïa city. Atmos Res, Elsevier 128:76–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.03.009ff.ffhal-00801475fDusenbery DB (1992) Sensory ecology. W.H. Freeman, New York ISBN 0-7167-2333-6EC-GPHSW (2013) European Commission. Guidance on the protection of the health and safety of workers from the potential risks related to nanomaterials at work-guidance for employers and health and safety practitioners. BrusselsEncyclopedia Britannica, (2019) https://www.britannica.com/ Accessed 1.10.2019European Committee for Standardization (1993) CEN-EN 481-workplace atmospheres-size fraction definitions for measurement of airborne particles.Fernandez de Arroyabe P, Lecha Estela L, Schimt F (2017) Digital divide, biometeorological data infrastructures and human vulnerability definition. Int J Biometeorol 2018:733–740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-017-1398-xFeynman R (1970) The Feynman lectures on physics Vol II Addison-Wesley Publishing Longman.Finlay CC et al (2010) International Geomagnetic Reference Field: the eleventh generation. Geophys J Int 183(3):1216–1230Fishman GJ, Bhat PN, Mallozzi R, Horack JM, Koshut T, Kouveliotou C, Pendleton GN, Meegan CA, Wilson RB, Paciesas WS, Goodman SJ, Christian HJ (1994) Discovery of intense gamma-ray flashes of atmospheric origin. Science 264(5163):1313–1316. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.264.5163.1313Forbush SE (1937) On the effects in cosmic-ray intensity observed during the recent magnetic storm. Phys Rev 51(12):1108–1109. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.51.1108.3Franz RC, Nemzek RJ, Winckler JR (1990) Television image of a large upward electrical discharge above a thunderstorm system. Science 249:48–51Freeman S, Quilin K, Allison L (1965) Biological science 5th edition. (2013) Pearson Publishing.p.1059.Fullekrug, M., and M. J. Rycroft (2006) The contribution of sprites to the global atmospheric electric circuit. Earth Planets Space 58(9):1193–1196Fundamentals of Electronics (1965) Volume 1b — Basic Electricity - Alternating Current. Bureau of Naval Personnel. 1965. p. 197GFCS. WMO-WHO Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) (2020) http://www.wmo.int/gfcs/about-gfcs, Accessed 1.10.2019Gonzalez WD, Joselyn JA, Kamide Y, Kroehl HW, Rostoker G, Tsurutani BT, Vasyliunas VM (1994) What is a geomagnetic storm? J Geophys Res Space 99(A4):5771–5792. https://doi.org/10.1029/93JA02867GSFT - Glossary for the Solar Flare Theory (n.d.) web site by Gordon Holman and Sarah Benedict. Responsible NASA Official: Gordon D. Holman, Heliophysics Science Division, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Solar Physics Laboratory / Code 671, [email protected] C (1998) Turbidity determination from broadband irradiance measurements: a detailed multi-coefficient approach. J Appl Meteorol 37:414–435Gunn R (1954) Diffusion charging of atmospheric droplets by ions, and the resulting combination coefficients. J Atmos Sci 11(5):339–347Haldoupis C (2012) Midlatitude sporadic E. A typical paradigm of atmosphere-ionosphere coupling. Space Sci Rev 168:441–461Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields (third), (2007) Edited by Frank S. Barnes and Ben Greenebaum, 2007, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton 33487-32742Hargreaves JK (1992) The solar-terrestrial environment. Cambridge Atmospheric and Space Science Series. Cambridge University PressHarrison RG (2000) Cloud formation and the possible significance of charge for atmospheric condensation and ice nuclei. Space Sci Rev 94(1):381–396Harrison RG (2013) The Carnegie curve. Surv Geophys 34:209–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-012-9210-2Harrison RG, Nicoll KA (2018) Fair weather criteria for atmospheric electricity measurements. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys 179:239–250Harrison RG, Tammet H (2008) Ions in the terrestrial atmosphere and other solar system atmospheres. Space Sci Rev 137:107–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-008-9356-xHayakawa M, Hattori K, Ando Y (2004) Natural electromagnetic phenomena and electromagnetic theory: a review. IEEJ Trans Fundam Mater 124(2004):72–79Hekstra DR et al (2016) Electric-field-stimulated protein mechanics. Nature 540.7633(2016):400Hinds W C (1982, 1999) Aerosol technology: properties, behavior and measurement of airborne particles, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York.Hirsikko A, Nieminen T, Gagné S, Lehtipalo K, Manninen HE, Ehn M, Hõrrak U, Kerminen VM, Laakso L, McMurry PH, Mirme A, Mirme S, Petäjä T, Tammet H, Vakkari V, Vana M, Kulmala M (2011) Atmospheric ions and nucleation: a review of observations. Atmos Chem Phys 11:767–798. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-767-2011Hodgkin AL, Huxley AF (1952) Aquantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerves. J Physiol 117(4):500–544 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1392413/Hoppel WA (1969) Application of three-body recombination and attachment coefficients to tropospheric ions. Pure Appl Geophys 75:158–166Hörrak U, Salm J, Tammet H (2000) Statistical characterization of air ion mobility spectra at Tahkuse Observatory: classification of air ions. J Geophys Res 105(D7):9291–9302Hundhausen AJ (1995) The solar wind. In: Kivelson MG, Russell CT (eds) Introduction to space physics. Cambridge University Press, pp 91–198Hunting, E.R., Matthews, J., de Arróyabe Hernáez, P.F., England, S.J., Kourtidis, K., Koh, K., Nicoll, K., Harrison, R.G., Manser, K., Price, C. and Dragovic, S., (2020). Challenges in coupling atmospheric electricity with biological systems. u, pp.1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-020-01960-7ICRP (1994) International Commission on Radiological Protection Human respiratory tract model for radiological protection, Annual 66.Imyanitov IM (1957) Instruments and methods for the study of atmospheric electricity (in Russian), Gostekhizdat.Imyanitov IM, Chubarina EV (1967) Electricity of free atmosphere, (Gidrometeoizdat, 1965) NASA/NSF Israel Program for Scientific Translations.Israël H (1971) Atmospheric electricity, Vol. I, Fundamentals, conductivity, ions, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, JerusalemIsraël H (1973) Atmospheric electricity, Vol. II, Fields, charges, currents, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem.James MR, Wilson L, Lane SJ, Gilbert JS, Mather TA, Harrison RG, Martin RS (2008) Electrical charging of volcanic plumes, Space Sci. Rev. 137:399–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-008-9362-zJärvinen A, Aitomaa M, Rostedt A, Keskinen J, Yli-Ojanperä J (2014) Calibration of the new electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI+). J Aerosol Sci 69:150–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2013.12.006Kathren, RL (1998) NORM sources and their origins. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 49(3):149–168.Kirkby J, Duplissy J, Sengupta K, Frege C, Gordon H, Williamson C, Heinritzi M, Simon M, Yan C, Almeida J, Tröstl J, Nieminen T, Ortega IK, Wagner R, Adamov A, Amorim A, Bernhammer AK, Bianchi F, Breitenlechner M, Brilke S, Chen X, Craven J, Dias A, Ehrhart S, Flagan RC, Franchin A, Fuchs C, Guida R, Hakala J, Hoyle CR, Jokinen T, Junninen H, Kangasluoma J, Kim J, Krapf M, Kürten A, Laaksonen A, Lehtipalo K, Makhmutov V, Mathot S, Molteni U, Onnela A, Peräkylä O, Piel F, Petäjä T, Praplan AP, Pringle K, Rap A, Richards NAD, Riipinen I, Rissanen MP, Rondo L, Sarnela N, Schobesberger S, Scott CE, Seinfeld JH, Sipilä M, Steiner G, Stozhkov Y, Stratmann F, Tomé A, Virtanen A, Vogel AL, Wagner AC, Wagner PE, Weingartner E, Wimmer D, Winkler PM, Ye P, Zhang X, Hansel A, Dommen J, Donahue NM, Worsnop DR, Baltensperger U, Kulmala M, Carslaw KS, Curtius J (2016) Ion-induced nucleation of pure biogenic particles. Nature 533:521–526. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17953Kivelson MG, Russel ZT (1995) Introduction to space physics. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeKulkarni P, Baron PA, Willeke K (2011) Aerosol measurement: principles, techniques, and applications, 3rd edn. Wiley, New YorkKulmala M, Petäjä T, Nieminen T, Sipilä M, Manninen HE, Lehtipalo K, Dal Maso M, Aalto PP, Junninen H, Paasonen P, Riipinen I, Lehtinen KE, Laaksonen A, Kerminen VM (2012) Measurement of the nucleation of atmospheric aerosol particles. Nat Protoc 7(9):1651–1667. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2012.091https://www.nature.com/articles/nprot.2012.091Kulmala M, Petaja T, Ehn M, Thornton J, Sipila M, Worsnop DR, Kerminen VM (2014) Chemistry of atmospheric nucleation: on the recent advances on precursor characterization and atmospheric cluster composition in connection with atmospheric new particle formation. Annu Rev Phys Chem 65:21–37L’Annunziata MF (2016) Radioactivity, ElsevierLaakso L, Anttila T, Lehtinen KEJ, Aalto PP, Kulmala M, Hõrrak U, Paatero J, Hanke M, Arnold F (2004) Kinetic nucleation and ions in boreal forest particle formation events. Atmos Chem Phys 4:2353–2366. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-2353-2004Lee J-H, Jang A, Bhadri PR, Myers RR, Timmons W, Beyette FR, Papautsky I (2006) Fabrication of microelectrode arrays for in situ sensing of oxidation reduction potentials. Sensors Actuators B 115:220–226.Liberti M, Apollonio F, Merla C, D’Inzeo G (2009) Microdosimetry in the microwave range: a quantitative assessment at single cell level. IEEE Antennas Wireless Propagation Lett 8(5170009):865–868Lidén G (2011) The European Commission tries to define nanomaterials. Ann OccupHyg 55:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/meq092Liu KN (2002) An introduction to atmospheric radiation. Academic Press, CambridgeLove JJ, Bedrosian PA (2019) Extreme-event geoelectric hazard maps. In: Buzulukova N (ed) Extreme events in geospace-origins, predictability, and consequences. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 209–230Lui ATY (1992) Magnetospheric substorms. Physics Fluids B: Plasma Physics 4:2257–2263. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.860194Maccarrone M, Fantini C, Finazzi Agrò A, Rosato N (1998) Kinetics of ultraweak light emission from human erythroleukemia K562 cells upon electroporation. Biochim et BiophysActa (BBA) - Biomembr 1414:43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-2736(98)00150-3MacGorman D, Rust WD (1998) The electrical nature of storms. Oxford University Press, New YorkMach DM, Blakeslee RJ, Bateman MG (2011) Global electric circuit implications of combined aircraft storm electric current measurements and satellite-based diurnal lightning statistics. J Geophys Res 116:D05201. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014462Magono C (1980) Thunderstorms. Elsevier, AmsterdamMarkson R (2007) The global circuit intensity: its measurement and variation over the last 50 years. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 88(2):223–242. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-88-2-223Marracino P et al (2019) Tubulin response to intense nanosecond-scale electric field in molecular dynamics simulation. Sci Rep 9.1(2019):10477Mathews JD (1998) Sporadic E: current views and recent progress. J Atmos Sol-Terr Phys 60:413McIver SB (1985) Mechanoreception. In: Kerkut GA, Gilbert LI (eds) Comprehensive Insect Physiol, Biochem and Pharma, 6th edn. Pergamon Press, OxfordMcPherron RL (1995) Magnetospheric dynamics. In: Kivelson MG, Russell CT (eds) Introduction to space physics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 400–457Mirabel PJ, Jaecker-Voirol A (1988) Binary homogeneous nucleation. In: Wagner PE, Vali G (eds) Atmospheric aerosols and nucleation. Lecture Notes in Physics, 309th edn. Springer, BerlinMirme A, Tamm E, Mordas G, Vana M, Uin J, Mirme S, Bernotas T, Laakso L, Hirsikko A, Kulmala M (2007) A wide-range multi-channel air ion spectrometer. Boreal Environ Res 12:247–264Miroshnichenko L (2015) Solar cosmic rays: fundamentals and applications. Springer, BerlinMitsutake G, Otsuka K, Hayakawa M, Sekiguchi M, Corndlissen G, Halberg F (2005) Does Schumann resonance affect our blood pressure? Biomed Pharmacother 59:S10–S14Munn RE (1987) Bioclimatology. In: Climatology. Encyclopedia of Earth Science. Springer, Boston. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30749-4_26NASA (2020) https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/rbsp/science/rbsp-spaceweather.html Accessed in February 2020Neubert T, Rycroft M, Farges T, Blanc E, Chanrion O, Arnone E, Odzimek A, Arnold N, Enell C-F, Turunen E, Bosinger T, Mika A, Haldoupis C, Steiner RJ, Van der Velde O, Soula S, Berg P, Boberg F, Thejll P, Christiansen B, Ignaccolo M, Fullekrug M, Verronen PT, Montanya J, Crosby N (2008) Recent results from studies of electric discharges in the mesosphere. Surv Geophys 29:71–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-008-9043-1Nickolaenko AP, Hayakawa M, Hobara Y, (2010) Q-Bursts: natural ELF radio transients, Surv Geophys, Volume 31 4:409-425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712010-9096-9Nickolaenko AP, Hayakawa M (2002) Resonances in the Earth–ionosphere cavity. Kluwer Academic Publishers, DordrechtOdzimek A, Baranski P, Kubicki M, Jasinkiewicz D (2018) Electrical signatures of nimbostratus and stratus clouds in ground-level vertical atmospheric electric field and current density at mid-latitude station Swider, Poland. Atmos Res 109C:188–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.03.018Ogawa T, Tanaka Y, Yasuhara M, Fraser-Smith AC, Gendrin R (1967) Worldwide simultaneity of occurrence of a Q-type burst in the Schumann resonance frequency range. J Geomagn Geoelectr 19:377–384Ouzounov D, Pulinets S, Hattori K, Taylor P (2018) Pre-earthquake processes: a multidisciplinary approach to earthquake prediction studies. American Geophysical Union, WashingtonPalmer SJ, Rycroft MJ, Cermak M (2006) Solar and geomagnetic activity, extremely low frequency magnetic and electric fields and human health at the Earth’s surface. Surv Geophys 27:557–595Parkinson WL, Torreson OW (1931) The diurnal variation of the electric potential of the atmosphere over the oceans. Union Géodésique et Géophysique Internationale Bulletin 8:340–345Pasko VP, Yair Y, Kuo C-L (2012) Lightning related transient luminous events at high altitude in the Earth’s atmosphere: phenomenology, mechanisms, and effects, Space Sci. Rev. 168:475–516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-011-9813-9Pöschl U (2005) Atmospheric aerosols: composition, transformation, climate and health effects. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 44, no. 46 (2005): 7520–40.Price C (2016) ELF Electromagnetic waves from lightning: the Schumann resonances. Atmosphere 7(9):116. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos7090116Price C, Williams E, Elhalel G, & Sentman D (2020). Natural ELF fields in the atmosphere and in living organisms. In J Biometeorol 1-8.Priest ER (1995) Sun and its magnetohydrodynamics. In: Kivelson MG, Russell CT (eds) Introduction to space physics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 58–90Probstein RF, Hicks R (1993) Removal of contaminants from soils by electric fields. Science 260(5107):498–503Purcell and Morin (2013) Harvard University. Electricity and Magnetism, 820 pages (3rd). Cambridge University Press, New York. ISBN 978-1-107-01402-2.Rakov VA, Uman MA (2002) Lightning: physics and effects. Press, Cambridge UniversityReiter R (1985) Fields, currents and aerosols in the lower atmosphere, Steinkopff Verlag, NSF Translation TT 76-52030Repacholi, Michael HB, Greenebaum B (1999) Interaction of static and extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields with living systems: health effects and research needs. Bioelectromagnetics 20(3):133–160Revil A, Naudet V, Nouzaret J, Pessel M (2003) Principles of electrography applied to self-potential electrokinetic sources and hydrogeological applications. Water Resour Res 39(5)Rich PR (2003) The molecular machinery of Keilin’s respiratory chain. Biochem Soc Trans 31(Pt 6):1095–1105. https://doi.org/10.1042/BST0311095Rishbeth H, Garriot OK (1969), Introduction to ionospheric physics, Academic Press.Rodger CJ (1999) Red sprites, upward lightning, and VLF perturbations. Rev Geophys 37(3):317–336. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999RG900006Rogers RR (1979) A short course in cloud physics. Press, PergamonRoss E, Chaplin WJ (2019) The behaviour of galactic cosmic-ray intensity during solar activity cycle 24. Sol Phys 294:8Ruggeri F, Zosel F, Mutter N, Różycka M, Wojtas M, Ożyhar A, Schuler B, Krishnan M (2017) Single-molecule electrometry. Nat Nanotechnol 12(5):488–495Runge J, Balasis G, Daglis IA, Papad

THE STUDY OF THE NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM WHICH CONTROLS THE MOVEMENT OF THE ABDOMEN IN THE INSECT D. ALBIFRONS

THE NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM OF THE PREGENITAL ABDOMINAL SEGMENTS OF D.ALBIFRONS, HAS BEEN DESCRIBED IN DETAIL. TWELVE PAIRS OF MUSCLES HAVE BEEN FOUND IN THE TYPICAL ABDOMINAL SEGMENTS (4TH TO 8TH). FIVE OF THESE PAIRS ARE LOCATED IN THE VENTRAL REGION OF THE SEGMENTS, FIVE PAIRS IN THE LATERAL REGIONS AND TWO PAIRS OF MUSCLES IN THE DORSAL REGION OF THE SEGMENTS. THE VENTRAL NERVE CORD CONSISTS OF SIX ABDOMINAL GANGLIA. THE FIRST "REAL" ABDOMINAL GANGLION IS FUSED AND CONSISTS OF THE 2ND AND 3RD NEUROMERES, INNERVATING THE 2ND AND 3RD ABDOMINAL SEGMENTS. THE FIRST SEGMENT IS INNERVATED BY NERVES (N7, N8) ARISING FROM THE METATHORACIC GANGLION. THERE IS ONLY ONE PAIR OF MAIN NERVE ROOTS (N1)WHICH INNERVATES THE MOST OF THE SEGMENTAL MUSCLES, WHILE MEDIAN NERVES SUPPLY THE SPIRACULAR MUSCLES. FROM THE LARGE GROUP OF THE ABDOMINAL SEGMENTAL MUSCLES, THE ANATOMICAL AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF TWO MAIN MUSCLESHAVE BEEN STUDIED. DURING VENTILATION MOST OF THE ABDOMINAL VENTILATORY MUSCLES CONTRACT SIMULTANEOUSLY IN PHACE WITH EXPIRATION. IT IS WELL KNOWN THAT, THIS BEHAVIOURAL MOTOR PATTERN IS CONTROLLED BY A CENTRAL PATTERN GENERATOR (CPG), WHICH IN OTHER ORTHOPTERA IS LOCATED IN THE FUSED METATHORACIC GANGLION. IND.ALBIFRONS LESSION EXPERIMENTS OF NERVE CORD HAVE SHOWN THAT THE CPG IS LOCATED IN THE FIRST ABDOMINAL GANGLION. THIS GANGLION IS ALSO FUSED BUT CONTAINS A SMALLER NUMBER OF NEURONS, A FACT WHICH ALLOWS FURTHER STUDIES OF ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CPG.ΟΙ ΜΥΕΣ ΤΩΝ ΠΡΟΓΕΝΝΗΤΙΚΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΜΕΡΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΚΟΙΛΙΑΣ, ΤΗΣ ΑΚΡΙΔΑΣ DECTICUS ALBIFRONS, ΣΥΜΜΕΤΕΧΟΥΝ ΣΤΗΝ ΑΝΑΠΝΕΥΣΤΙΚΗ ΔΙΑΔΙΚΑΣΙΑ ΑΦΟΥ ΕΝΕΡΓΟΠΟΙΟΥΝΤΑΙ ΚΑΤΑ ΤΗ ΦΑΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΕΚΠΝΟΗΣ. ΣΤΟ ΕΝΤΟΜΟ ΑΥΤΟ ΔΕΝ ΥΠΑΡΧΟΥΝ ΕΙΣΠΝΕΥΣΤΙΚΟΙ ΜΥΕΣ. Η ΜΟΡΦΟΛΟΓΙΚΗΜΕΛΕΤΗ ΤΟΥ ΜΥΙΚΟΥ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑΤΟΣ, ΑΥΤΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΜΕΡΩΝ, ΕΔΕΙΞΕ ΟΤΙ ΔΩΔΕΚΑ ΖΕΥΓΗ ΜΥΩΝ ΔΙΕΥΘΕΤΟΥΝΤΑΙ ΣΤΙΣ ΤΡΕΙΣ ΠΕΡΙΟΧΕΣ ΚΑΘΕ ΜΕΤΑΜΕΡΟΥΣ. ΠΕΝΤΕ ΖΕΥΓΗ ΜΥΩΝ ΕΝΤΟΠΙΣΤΗΚΑΝ ΤΟΣΟ ΣΤΗΝ ΚΟΙΛΙΑΚΗ ΟΣΟ ΚΑΙ ΣΤΙΣ ΠΛΕΥΡΙΚΕΣ ΠΕΡΙΟΧΕΣ ΕΝΩ ΔΥΟ ΖΕΥΓΗ ΜΥΩΝ ΒΡΕΘΗΚΑΝ ΣΤΙΣ ΡΑΧΙΑΙΕΣ ΠΕΡΙΟΧΕΣ ΤΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΜΕΡΩΝ. Η ΚΟΙΛΙΑΚΗ ΝΕΥΡΙΚΗ ΧΟΡΔΗ ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΙΤΑΙ ΑΠΟ ΕΞΙ ΓΑΓΓΛΙΑ, ΕΚ ΤΩΝ ΟΠΟΙΩΝ ΤΟ ΠΡΩΤΟ ΓΑΓΓΛΙΟ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΠΡΟΙΟΝ ΣΥΜΦΥΣΗΣ ΔΥΟ ΓΑΓΓΛΙΩΝ. ΕΝΑ ΖΕΥΓΟΣ ΝΕΥΡΙΚΩΝ ΟΔΩΝ (Ν1), ΠΟΥ ΔΙΑΚΛΑΔΙΖΟΝΤΑΙ, ΝΕΥΡΩΝΕΙ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΕΡΙΣΣΟΤΕΡΟΥΣ ΜΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΚΑΘΕ ΜΕΤΑΜΕΡΟΥΣ. ΔΥΟ ΟΜΑΔΕΣ ΑΝΑΠΝΕΥΣΤΙΚΩΝ ΜΥΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΚΟΙΛΙΑΣ, ΟΙ ΡΑΧΑΙΟΙ ΔΙΑΤΜΗΜΑΤΙΚΟΙ ΚΑΙ ΟΙ ΕΓΚΑΡΣΙΟΙ ΚΟΙΛΙΑΚΟΙ ΜΥΕΣ, ΕΞΕΤΑΣΤΗΚΑΝ ΩΣ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΑ ΜΟΡΦΟΛΟΓΙΚΑ ΚΑΙ ΤΑ ΦΥΣΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΑ ΤΟΥΣ ΧΑΡΑΚΤΗΡΙΣΤΙΚΑ. ΤΟ ΤΕΛΕΥΤΑΙΟ ΤΜΗΜΑΤΗΣ ΠΑΡΟΥΣΑΣ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΣ ΑΦΟΡΟΥΣΕ ΤΟΝ ΕΝΤΟΠΙΣΜΟ ΤΟΥ ΑΝΑΠΝΕΥΣΤΙΚΟΥ ΚΕΝΤΡΟΥ (ΑΚ) ΣΤΟ D.ALBIFRONS. ΤΟ ΚΥΡΙΟ ΑΝΑΠΝΕΥΣΤΙΚΟ ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΕΝΤΟΠΙΣΤΗΚΕ ΣΤΟ ΠΡΩΤΟ ΚΟΙΛΙΑΚΟ ΓΑΓΓΛΙΟ. Ο ΑΝΑΠΝΕΥΣΤΙΚΟΣ ΡΥΘΜΟΣ ΠΟΥ ΔΗΜΙΟΥΡΓΕΙΤΑΙ ΣΤΟ ΠΡΩΤΕΥΟΝ ΑΝΑΠΝΕΥΣΤΙΚΟ ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΜΕΤΑΦΕΡΕΤΑΙ ΣΤΑ ΔΕΥΤΕΡΕΥΟΝΤΑ ΑΝΑΠΝΕΥΣΤΙΚΑ ΚΕΝΤΡΑ ΠΟΥ ΕΝΤΟΠΙΖΟΝΤΑΙ ΣΕ ΚΑΘΕ ΓΑΓΓΛΙΟ ΧΩΡΙΣΤΑ. ΟΙ ΑΝΑΠΝΕΥΣΤΙΚΕΣ ΕΝΤΟΛΕΣ ΜΕΤΑ ΤΗΝ ΕΠΕΞΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ ΠΟΥ ΥΦΙΣΤΑΝΤΑΙ ΣΤΑ ΔΕΥΤΕΡΕΥΟΝΤΑ ΑΝΑΠΝΕΥΣΤΙΚΑ ΚΕΝΤΡΑ ΜΕΤΑΦΕΡΟΝΤΑΙ ΤΕΛΙΚΑ ΣΤΟΥΣ ΜΥΣ ΟΛΩΝ ΤΩΝΜΕΤΑΜΕΡΩΝ. (ΠΕΡΙΚΟΠΗ ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗΣ

Evidence for cell autonomous AP1 function in regulation of Drosophila motor-neuron plasticity

BACKGROUND:The transcription factor AP1 mediates long-term plasticity in vertebrate and invertebrate central nervous systems. Recent studies of activity-induced synaptic change indicate that AP1 can function upstream of CREB to regulate both CREB-dependent enhancement of synaptic strength as well as CREB-independent increase in bouton number at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ). However, it is not clear from this study if AP1 functions autonomously in motor neurons to directly modulate plasticity.RESULTS:Here, we show that Fos and Jun, the two components of AP1, are abundantly expressed in motor neurons. We further combine immunohistochemical and electrophysiological analyses with use of a collection of enhancers that tightly restrict AP1 transgene expression within the nervous system to show that AP1 induction or inhibition in, but not outside of, motor neurons is necessary and sufficient for its modulation of NMJ size and strength.CONCLUSION:By arguing against the possibility that AP1 effects at the NMJ occur via a polysynaptic mechanism, these observations support a model in which AP1 directly modulates NMJ plasticity processes through a cell autonomous pathway in the motor neuron. The approach described here may serve as a useful experimental paradigm for analyzing cell autonomy of genes found to influence structure and function of Drosophila motor neurons.This item is part of the UA Faculty Publications collection. For more information this item or other items in the UA Campus Repository, contact the University of Arizona Libraries at [email protected]

CORL Expression and Function in Insulin Producing Neurons Reversibly Influences Adult Longevity in Drosophila

CORL proteins (known as SKOR in mice, Fussel in humans and fussel in Flybase) are a family of CNS specific proteins related to Sno/Ski oncogenes. Their developmental and adult roles are largely unknown. A Drosophila CORL (dCORL) reporter gene is expressed in all Drosophila insulin-like peptide 2 (dILP2) neurons of the pars intercerebralis (PI) of the larval and adult brain. The transcription factor Drifter is also expressed in the PI in a subset of dCORL and dILP2 expressing neurons and in several non-dILP2 neurons. dCORL mutant virgin adult brains are missing all dILP2 neurons that do not also express Drifter. This phenotype is also seen when expressing dCORL-RNAi in neurosecretory cells of the PI. dCORL mutant virgin adults of both sexes have a significantly shorter lifespan than their parental strain. This longevity defect is completely reversed by mating (lifespan increases over 50% for males and females). Analyses of dCORL mutant mated adult brains revealed a complete rescue of dILP2 neurons without Drifter. Taken together, the data suggest that dCORL participates in a neural network connecting the insulin signaling pathway, longevity and mating. The conserved sequence and CNS specificity of all CORL proteins imply that this network may be operating in mammals

Adult Movement Defects Associated with a CORL Mutation in Drosophila Display Behavioral Plasticity

The CORL family of CNS-specific proteins share a Smad-binding region with mammalian SnoN and c-Ski protooncogenes. In this family Drosophila CORL has two mouse and two human relatives. Roles for the mouse and human CORL proteins are largely unknown. Based on genome-wide association studies linking the human CORL proteins Fussel15 and Fussel18 with ataxia, we tested the hypothesis that dCORL mutations will cause adult movement disorders. For our initial tests, we conducted side by side studies of adults with the small deletion Df(4)dCORL and eight control strains. We found that deletion mutants exhibit three types of behavioral plasticity. First, significant climbing defects attributable to loss of dCORL are eliminated by age. Second, significant phototaxis defects due to loss of dCORL are partially ameliorated by age and are not due to faulty photoreceptors. Third, Df(4)dCORL males raised in groups have a lower courtship index than males raised as singles though this defect is not due to loss of dCORL. Subsequent tests showed that the climbing and phototaxis defects were phenocpied by dCORL21B and dCORL23C two CRISPR generated mutations. Overall, the finding that adult movement defects due to loss of dCORL are subject to age-dependent plasticity suggests new hypotheses for CORL functions in flies and mammals

Development and Evaluation of Automated Tools for Auditory-Brainstem and Middle-Auditory Evoked Potentials Waves Detection and Annotation

Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) are brain-derived electrical signals, following an auditory stimulus, utilised to examine any obstructions along the brain neural-pathways and to diagnose hearing impairment. The clinical evaluation of AEPs is based on the measurements of the latencies and amplitudes of waves of interest; hence, their identification is a prerequisite for AEP analysis. This process has proven to be complex, as it requires relevant clinical experience, and the existing software for this purpose has little practical use. The aim of this study was the development of two automated annotation tools for ABR (auditory brainstem response)- and AMLR (auditory middle latency response)-tests. After the acquisition of 1046 raw waveforms, appropriate pre-processing and implementation of a four-stage development process were performed, to define the appropriate logical conditions and steps for each algorithm. The tools’ detection and annotation results, regarding the waves of interest, were then compared to the clinicians’ manual annotation, achieving match rates of at least 93.86%, 98.51%, and 91.51% respectively, for the three ABR-waves of interest, and 93.21%, 92.25%, 83.35%, and 79.27%, respectively, for the four AMLR-waves. The application of such tools in AEP analysis is expected to assist towards an easier interpretation of these signals

Supplemental Material for Tran et al., 2018

Table S1. <i>dCORL</i> mutant virgin and mated adult longevity defects compared to seven control lines.<div><br></div><div>Table S2. Mean & median longevity of <i>dCORL</i> virgin and mated adults with seven controls.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Table S3. Significant brain size reduction is present in <i>Df(4)dCORL</i> larvae but not adults.<br></div