1,635 research outputs found
Combined VHF Dopplar radar and airborne (CV-990) measurements of atmospheric winds on the mesoscale
Hourly measurements of wind speed and direction obtained using two wind profiling Doppler radars during two prolonged jet stream occurrences over western Pennsylvania were analyzed. In particular, the time-variant characteristics of derived shear profiles were examined. To prevent a potential loss of structural detail and retain statistical significance, data from both radars were stratified into categories based on the location data from the Penn State radar were also compared to data from Pittsburgh radiosondes. Profiler data dropouts were studied in an attempt to determine possible reasons for the apparently reduced performance of profiling radars operating beneath a jet stream. Temperature profiles for the radar site were obtained using an interpolated temperature and dewpoint temperature sounding procedure developed at Penn State. The combination of measured wind and interpolated temperature profiles allowed Richardson number profiles to be generated for the profiler sounding volume. Both Richardson number and wind shear statistics were then examined along with pilot reports of turbulence in the vicinity of the profiler
A similar phylogeographical structure among sympatric North American birches (Betula) is better explained by introgression than by shared biogeographical history
AimA comparative analysis of the chloroplast (cp) DNA structure of eastern North American birches (Betula) was undertaken to infer the impacts of Quaternary climate change on the phylogeographical structure of these species.LocationEastern North America.MethodsGenetic variation in chloroplast microsatellites (cpSSRs) and the psbAâtrnH intergenic spacer in Betula papyrifera, Betula alleghaniensis and Betula lenta was analysed in samples from 65, 80 and 12 populations, respectively. Coâoccurring Betula uber, Betula populifolia and Betula cordifolia were also sampled to examine haplotype relationships and account for potential introgression. Haplotype networks, Bayesian analysis and comparisons of RST and GST values were used to evaluate the phylogeographical structure. Genetic diversity within and among species was compared using rarefaction analysis.ResultsThe two most widespread species, B. papyrifera and B. alleghaniensis, showed high levels of haplotype diversity, while the Appalachian endemic B. lenta possessed a single haplotype. Bayesian analysis revealed three main phylogeographical groups for B. papyrifera and four groups for B. alleghaniensis, and these two species showed extensive regional haplotype sharing and a high introgression ratio.Main conclusionsWe postulate that at least three separate refugia contributed to the recolonization of B. papyrifera and B. alleghaniensis within eastern North America, while B. lenta appears to have recolonized from a single refugium. A high haplotype diversity of B. papyrifera and B. alleghaniensis in the Great Lakes region may reflect biogeographical contact between eastern and western lineages, with the potential influence of periglacial refugia. Similar phylogeographical patterns in the distantly related B. papyrifera and B. alleghaniensis represent a geographical turnover of the same locally shared haplotypes, pointing to introgression rather than shared biogeographical history as the mechanism. Although similar phylogeographical patterns are often interpreted as evidence for common biogeographical histories, our study demonstrates that such patterns can also arise through introgression.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/110577/1/jbi12394.pd
Complete plastome sequences from Bertholletia excelsa and 23 related species yield informative markers for Lecythidaceae
Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/144266/1/aps31151_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/144266/2/aps31151.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/144266/3/aps31151-sup-0001-AppendixS1.pd
Comparative efficacy of two Ivermectin Pour-on anthelmintics in beef steers in a commercial feedyard
Generic products generally have a cost advantage for beef producers over brand-name products. Recently, many beef producers have debated whether to utilize generic anthelmintics in cow/calf herds and feeder cattle. If generics are to be justified, the products must be proven to have efficacy similar to the brand-name product. Previous studies have indicated that generic macrocyclic lactones are less effective in controlling gastrointestinal parasites of cattle than the original brand-name products. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of Vetrimec (Norbrook Laboratories Limited, Newry, Co. Down, Northern Ireland) pour-on and Ivomec (Merial Animal Health, Duluth, GA) pour-on by utilizing the fecal egg reduction test in newly arrived feedlot steers
Determination of residual stress and interface adhesion toughness of thin films by blisters
Circular blisters and telephone cord blisters (TCBs) can spontaneously occur in thin films
under constant bi-axial compressive residual stress. In this work, new mechanical models are
used in conjunction with measurements of blister morphology parameters to determine the
residual stress in films and the adhesion toughness at interfaces. These new models are based
on the hypothesis that pockets of energy concentration (PECs) drive the nucleation and
growth of blisters instead of buckling, as in the conventional models, since the thin films are
under constant compressive residual stress. Predictions from the models are in excellent
agreement with independent experimental data
De novo protein design:How do we expand into the universe of possible protein structures?
Protein scientists are paving the way to a new phase in protein design and engineering. Approaches and methods are being developed that could allow the design of proteins beyond the confines of natural protein structures. This possibility of designing entirely new proteins opens new questions: What do we build? How do we build into protein-structure space where there are few, if any, natural structures to guide us? To what uses can the resulting proteins be put? And, what, if anything, does this pursuit tell us about how natural proteins fold, function and evolve? We describe the origins of this emerging area of fully de novo protein design, how it could be developed, where it might lead, and what challenges lie ahead
Radial Velocity Studies of Close Binary Stars.VIII
Radial-velocity measurements and sine-curve fits to the orbital velocity
variations are presented for the seventh set of ten close binary systems: V410
Aur, V523 Cas, QW Gem, V921 Her, V2357 Oph, V1130 Tau, HN UMa, HX UMa, HD
93917, NSV 223. All systems, but three (V523 Cas, HD 93917, NSV 223), were
discovered photometrically by the Hipparcos mission. All systems are
double-lined (SB2) binaries and all, but the detached, very close system V1130
Tau, are contact binaries. The broadening-function permitted improvement of the
orbital elements for V523 Cas, which was the only system observed before for
radial velocity variations. Spectroscopic/visual companions were detected for
V410 Aur and HX UMa.Comment: AASTeX5, 4 figures, 3 tables, to appear AJ, June 200
On cooling rate dependent spallation behavior of α-alumina scale grown by oxidation
It is hypothesized that dynamic and non-uniform plastic relaxation occurs in α-Al2O3 scale on Fe-Cr-Al substrate during cooling from high temperature, and furthermore, that the non-uniformity of plastic relaxation is related to
(1) the variation of residual stress with respect to cooling rate; and (2) the rate of
stress relaxation. Based on this hypothesis, a mechanical model is developed
which gives accurate predictions for the cooling dependent spallation behavior
of α-Al2O3 grown by oxidation
Navigating the structural landscape of de Novo α-helical bundles
The
association of amphipathic α helices in water leads to
α-helical-bundle protein structures. However, the driving force
for thisîžthe hydrophobic effectîžis not specific and
does not define the number or the orientation of helices in the associated
state. Rather, this is achieved through deeper sequence-to-structure
relationships, which are increasingly being discerned. For example,
for one structurally extreme but nevertheless ubiquitous class of
bundleîžthe α-helical coiled coilsîžrelationships
have been established that discriminate between all-parallel dimers,
trimers, and tetramers. Association states above this are known, as
are antiparallel and mixed arrangements of the helices. However, these
alternative states are less well understood. Here, we describe a synthetic-peptide
system that switches between parallel hexamers and various upâdownâupâdown
tetramers in response to single-amino-acid changes and solution conditions.
The main accessible states of each peptide variant are characterized
fully in solution and, in most cases, to high resolution with X-ray
crystal structures. Analysis and inspection of these structures helps
rationalize the different states formed. This navigation of the structural
landscape of α-helical coiled coils above the dimers and trimers
that dominate in nature has allowed us to design rationally a well-defined
and hyperstable antiparallel coiled-coil tetramer (apCC-Tet). This
robust de novo protein provides another scaffold for further structural
and functional designs in protein engineering and synthetic biology
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