Isolasi Dan Identifikasi Bakteri Aerob Yang Berpotensi Menjadi Sumber Penularan Infeksi Nosokomial Di Irina a Rsup Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado

: Nosocomial infection or Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI) is an infection caused by bacteria, parasite, or virus in the hospital, infection occur at least 72 hours since hospitalized. This infection occurs due to lack of hygiene of the environment causing microorganism infection from environment to human, infection can also occur due to transmission of microorganism from one patient to other patients. Inpatients potentially have very high risk of nosocomial infection occur due to continuous requiring treatment for more than 24 hours. Purpose: To determine the existence of aerobic bacteria that could potentially be the source of transmission of nosocomial infection in Irina A RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Method: This research was descriptive with cross sectional approach. Fourteen samples were taken from the surface of medical equipment, bed, floor, and wall of the treatment room and eight samples were taken from the air. Identification of bacteria was performed by culture on agar medium, staining gram, and biochemical test. Result: Bacillus subtilis found in nine samples (41%), Serratia liquefaciens found in five samples (22,7%), Lactobacillus found in two samples (9,1%), Staphylococcus found in two samples (9,1%), Coccus Gram negative found in two samples (9,1%), Enterobacter aerogenes found in one sample (4,5%), and Enterobacter agglomerans found in one sample (4,5%). Conclusion: Bacillus subtilis is the most bacteria which had been found in this research

Laminar origin of local and hippocampally-projected neocortical discharges is reflected in the electrographic waveform structure.

<p><b>A. Upper traces.</b> Average of 12 events measured with an extracellular electrode at the pia to model non-invasive cortical recordings (pia). Shaded region represents +/- 2 SD of the mean trace shown. Note the overt biphasic vs. triphasic shape of the electrographic events when comparing interictal-like discharges of neocortical vs. hippocampal origin respectively. <b>Middle traces.</b> Concurrent superficial (L2/3) and deep (L5/6) cortical local field potential (LFP) recordings showing different laminar onsets. <b>Lower traces.</b> Example 2x2-binned fluorescence changes for the two event types. Scale bars 20μV (upper), 0.2 mV (middle), 0.1% ΔF (lower), 0.5 sec. <b>B</b>. Selected frames from the events in A showing the sequence of spatiotemporal activation for the two interictal-like events. Note the more overt, diffuse activation of deep layers for events propagated from hippocampus.</p

Spatiotemporal properties of non-propagating vs. propagating events originating in hippocampus.

<p><b>A.</b> Example interictal fluorescence changes along the CA axis for non-propagating and propagating events. Not both types of event originate in CA1 (towards the CA2 border), both types propagate retrogradely into CA3, but only propagating events successfully invade subiculum. Scale bar 0.1% Δf, 1 sec. <b>B</b>. Spatiotemporal maps of the two event types in hippocampus. Only areas demonstrating activity over threshold are represented on the colormap, overlaid on the transmitted light (non-fluorescent) slice image. Main areas are labelled DG (dentate gyrus), CA2,3 (cornu ammonis subdivisdion 2,3), Sub (subiculum). Note the activity is concentrated in mid stratum radiatum. Colormap represents time from event onset (cool-hot). <b>C</b>. Mean event onset and spread (n = 6 slices) viewed along the CA1 horizontal axis (as illustrated by the cartoon insert). An individual example of an interictal wavefront (1^st threshold crossing) is shown in gray, blue lines show mean ± s.e.mean. Note the mean initial propagation velocity is very rapid along CA1 (slope of wavefront, dotted lines) in opposite directions for the two events, but in each case, velocity slows markedly on reaching CA3 and subiculum (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0121676#sec003" target="_blank">results</a> for quantification).</p

Comparison of propagation dynamics for events of hippocampal origin propagating to neocortex, and the reverberative return wave.

<p><b>A</b>. Spatiotemporal maps of activity spread through subiculum (top left of the field of view), medial & lateral entorhinal cortex and perirhinal cortex towards Au1. Only areas demonstrating activity over threshold are represented on the colormap, overlaid on the transmitted light (non-fluorescent) slice image. Note the activity is concentrated in deep cortical layers only. Colormap represents time from event onset (cool-hot). Scale bar 1mm. <b>B</b>. Mean event spread (n = 6 slices) viewed along the periallocortical horizontal axis (as illustrated by the cartoon insert). ‘Zero’ distance is set for the CA1/subiculum border. Note this is different from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0121676#pone.0121676.g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2C</a> as the majority of area CA1 was not present in the view field for these experiments. An individual example of an interictal wavefront (1^st threshold crossing) is shown in gray, blue lines show mean ± s.e.mean. Note the rapid, saltatory-like spread of activity from hippocampus through periallocortex (the ‘jump’ in activity position with time followed by both forward and back (shown as dotted lines) propagation instead of just monotonic forward propagation) and the very slow conduction from lateral entorhinal to perirhinal cortices (asterisk in <b>A</b> and <b>B</b>). In contrast, the reverberative return wave from Au1 to hippocampus was relatively monotonic.</p

Example VSD recordings of transient, spontaneous epileptiform discharges at three sites along the hippocampal—neocortical axis.

<p><b>A.</b> Cartoon illustrating the 3 sites the example fluorescence changes illustrated were taken from: 1—stratum radiatum of area CA1 of the hippocampus, 2—layer 5/6 of medial entorhinal cortex (mEC), 3—layer 5/6 of auditory cortex (Au1). Box shows the coverage of the CCD chip used to record the data. Scale bar 1 mm. <b>B/C</b>. Examples of the 4 subtypes of spatiotemporal, interictal activity seen, each example is 2 x 2 pixel binned and temporally filtered (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0121676#sec002" target="_blank">methods</a>). <b>Bi.</b> Non-propagating events originating in hippocampus. <b>Bii</b>. Non-propagating events originating in Au1 (note amplitude-degraded event visible in mEC but not hippocampus). <b>Ci</b>. Propagating, reverberating events originating in hippocampus, projecting to neocortex and returning to hippocampus. <b>Cii</b>. Propagating, non-reverberating events originating inhippocampus. Scale bars B/C 0.1% Δf, 2 sec.</p

Comparison of propagation dynamics within neocortex.

<p><b>A.</b> Spatiotemporal maps of activity spread through neocortical laminae for events originating in cortex (Type 2 events, left panel) and those spreading to cortex from hippocampus (Type 3 events with (3b) or without (3a) backpropagation, right panel). Only areas demonstrating activity over threshold are represented on the colormap, overlaid on the transmitted light (non-fluorescent) slice image. Colormap represents time from event onset (cool-hot). B. Mean event spread (n = 6 slices, left panel, n-5 slices right panel) viewed along the radial cortical axis from pia to subcortical while matter (as illustrated by the cartoon insert). An individual example of an interictal wavefront (1^st threshold crossing) is shown in gray, blue lines show mean ± s.e.mean. Note the superficial focus for events of neocortical origin and the deep focus for events propagating from hippocampus.</p

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Explorations to improve the completeness of exome sequencing

Coverage of exons in 54 probands. Table S2. Genes with low coverage exons in all 54 probands. (XLSX 9613 kb

traits-environment-with-phylo

JAGS model code for running analysis

README

README file for all files

Protea_Pellie_Climate

Climate data form Wilson & Silander (2014) for both Protea and Pelargonium sites used in this analysis