20,655 research outputs found
Establishment of prophylactic enoxaparin dosing recommendations to achieve targeted anti-factor Xa concentrations in children with CHD
Background
Enoxaparin may be used to prevent central venous catheter-related thrombosis in patients with CHD. We aimed to determine whether current enoxaparin dosing regimens effectively achieve anti-factor Xa concentrations within prophylactic goal ranges in this patient population.
Methods
We implemented a formal protocol aimed at reducing central venous catheter-related thrombosis in children with CHD in January, 2016. Standard empiric prophylactic enoxaparin dosing regimens were used – for example, 0.75 mg/kg/dose every 12 hours for patients <2 months of age and 0.5 mg/kg/dose every 12 hours for patients ⩾2 months of age – with anti-factor Xa goal range of 0.25–0.49 IU/ml. Patients <2 years of age who received enoxaparin and had at least one valid steady-state anti-factor Xa measurement between 25 January, 2016 and 31 August, 2016 were retrospectively reviewed.
Results
During the study period, 47 patients had 186 anti-factor Xa concentrations measured, of which 20 (11%) were above and 112 (60%) were below the prophylactic goal range. Anti-factor Xa concentrations within the goal range were ultimately achieved in 31 patients. Median dose required to achieve anti-factor Xa concentrations within the prophylactic range was 0.89 mg/kg/dose (25, 75%: 0.75, 1.11) for patients <2 months (n=23 patients) and 0.79 mg/kg/dose (25, 75%: 0.62, 1.11) for patients ⩾2 months (n=8 patients).
Conclusions
Enoxaparin doses required to achieve prophylactic anti-factor Xa concentrations in young children with CHD were consistently higher than the currently recommended prophylactic dosing regimens. Further study is needed to determine whether dose titration to achieve prophylactic anti-factor Xa concentrations is effective in preventing central venous catheter-related thrombosis
Semiautomated Skeletonization of the Pulmonary Arterial Tree in Micro-CT Images
We present a simple and robust approach that utilizes planar images at different angular rotations combined with unfiltered back-projection to locate the central axes of the pulmonary arterial tree. Three-dimensional points are selected interactively by the user. The computer calculates a sub- volume unfiltered back-projection orthogonal to the vector connecting the two points and centered on the first point. Because more x-rays are absorbed at the thickest portion of the vessel, in the unfiltered back-projection, the darkest pixel is assumed to be the center of the vessel. The computer replaces this point with the newly computer-calculated point. A second back-projection is calculated around the original point orthogonal to a vector connecting the newly-calculated first point and user-determined second point. The darkest pixel within the reconstruction is determined. The computer then replaces the second point with the XYZ coordinates of the darkest pixel within this second reconstruction. Following a vector based on a moving average of previously determined 3- dimensional points along the vessel\u27s axis, the computer continues this skeletonization process until stopped by the user. The computer estimates the vessel diameter along the set of previously determined points using a method similar to the full width-half max algorithm. On all subsequent vessels, the process works the same way except that at each point, distances between the current point and all previously determined points along different vessels are determined. If the difference is less than the previously estimated diameter, the vessels are assumed to branch. This user/computer interaction continues until the vascular tree has been skeletonized
Issues Relevant to C-H Activation at Platinum(II): Comparative Studies between Cationic, Zwitterionic, and Neutral Platinum(II) Compounds in Benzene Solution
Cationic late metal systems are being highly scrutinized due to
their propensity to mediate so-called electrophilic C-H
activation reactions. This contribution compares the reactivity
of highly reactive cationic platinum(II) systems with
structurally related but neutral species. Our experimental
design exploits isostructural neutral and cationic complexes
supported by bis(phosphine) ligands amenable to mechanistic
examination in benzene solution. The data presented herein
collectively suggests that neutral platinum complexes can be
equally if not more reactive towards benzene than their
cationic counter-parts. Moreover, a number of unexpected
mechanistic distinctions between the two systems arise that
help to explain their respective reactivity
s- and d-wave superconductivity in a two-band model
Superconductivity in strongly correlated systems is a remarkable phenomenon
that attracts a huge interest. The study of this problem is relevant for
materials as the high Tc oxides, pnictides and heavy fermions. In this work we
study a realistic model that includes the relevant physics of superconductivity
in the presence of strong Coulomb correlations. We consider a two-band model,
since most of these correlated systems have electrons from at least two
different atomic orbitals coexisting at their Fermi surface. The Coulomb
repulsion is taken into account through a local repulsive interaction. Pairing
is considered among quasi- particles in neighbouring sites and we allow for
different symmetries of the order parameter. In order to deal with the strong
local correlations, we use the well known slave boson approach that has proved
very successful for this problem. Here we are interested in obtaining the zero
temperature properties of the model, specifically its phase diagram and the
existence and nature of superconducting quantum critical points. We show that
these can arise by increasing the mixing between the two bands. Since this can
be controlled by external pressure or doping, our results have a direct
relation with experiments. We show that the superconductor-to-normal transition
can be either to a metal, a correlated metal or to an insulator. Also we
compare the relative stability of s and d-wave paired states for different
regions of parameter space and investigate the BCS- BEC crossover in the
two-band lattice model as function of the strength of the pairing interaction.Comment: 21 pages, 14 figure
Optimizing Guideline-Recommended Antibiotic Doses for Pediatric Infective Endocarditis
The American Heart Association recently published an updated scientific statement on the management of infective endocarditis in childhood. The recommendations included for vancomycin, aminoglycoside, and β-lactam dosing and monitoring are based primarily on expert opinion and do not consider available evidence for dose optimization based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles in pediatric patients. This is concerning because even when clinically necessary, some practitioners may be hesitant to deviate from guideline-recommended doses. In this perspective, we highlight potential areas for improvement in the statement-recommended doses and summarize evidence supporting antibiotic dosing optimization. The addition of a pediatric clinical pharmacist with expertise in antibiotic dosing to the panel would be beneficial for future updates
Forecasting and Conditional Projection Using Realistic Prior Distributions
This paper develops a forecasting procedure based on a Bayesian method for estimating vector autoregressions. The procedure is applied to ten macroeconomic variables and is shown to improve out-of-sample forecasts relative to univariate equations. Although cross-variables responses are damped by the prior, considerable interaction among the variables is shown to be captured by the estimates.We provide unconditional forecasts as of 1982:12 and 1983:3.We also describe how a model such as this can be used to make conditional projections and to analyze policy alternatives. As an example, we analyze a Congressional Budget Office forecast made in 1982:12.While no automatic causal interpretations arise from models like ours, they provide a detailed characterization of the dynamic statistical interdependence of a set of economic variables, which may help inevaluating causal hypotheses, without containing any such hypotheses themselves.
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