83 research outputs found
A new qualitative typology to classify treading water movement patterns
This study proposes a new qualitative typology that can be used to classify learners treading water into different skill-based categories. To establish the typology, 38 participants were videotaped while treading water and their movement patterns were qualitatively analyzed by two experienced biomechanists. 13 sport science students were then asked to classify eight of the original participants after watching a brief tutorial video about how to use the typology. To examine intra-rater consistency, each participant was presented in a random order three times. Generalizability (G) and Decision (D) studies were performed to estimate the importance variance due to rater, occasion, video and the interactions between them, and to determine the reliability of the ratersâ answers. A typology of five general classes of coordination was defined amongst the original 38 participants. The G-study showed an accurate and reliable assessment of different pattern type, with a percentage of correct classification of 80.1%, an overall Fleissâ Kappa coefficient K = 0.6, and an overall generalizability Ï coefficient of 0.99. This study showed that the new typology proposed to characterize the behaviour of individuals treading water was both accurate and highly reliable. Movement pattern classification using the typology might help practitioners distinguish between different skill-based behaviours and potentially guide instruction of key aquatic survival skills
A method to optimize a typology-based classification system
This study sought to provide guidelines for implementing typology-based qualitative analysis of human movement patterns. Fifteen participant-analysts were instructed how to classify treading water behaviours into eight different categories using a training set of videos. They were later provided with two additional sets of videos called validation, and test sets. Results first identified reliable (n=9), and not reliable (n=6) analysts. A decision study outlined that one analyst was sufficient to reliably categorize the behaviours in the âreliableâ analyst group, whereas up to four were necessary in the âunreliableâ group. These data provided new insights into more objective qualitative analysis methods for understanding human movement behaviours
Ăduquer aux ActivitĂ©s de Pleine Nature en France : un dĂ©fi pour lâEPS du XXIe siĂšcle ?
Les activitĂ©s physiques de nature (APN) sont parmi les plus apprĂ©ciĂ©es par les Ă©lĂšves en Education Physique et Sportive (EPS). Ces activitĂ©s ont cependant Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©es Ă des fins Ă©ducatives variĂ©es, parfois contradictoires, au cours de lâĂ©volution des contenus dâenseignement de lâEPS. En France, au cours du Second VingtiĂšme siĂšcle, le traitement des APN en EPS sâoriente vers la promotion de contenus Ă vocation utilitaire et sĂ©curitaire qui, promouvant une approche anthropocentrĂ©e, semble au final « dĂ©naturer » les APN en les organisant la plupart du temps dans un milieu artificiel, standardisĂ© et contrĂŽlĂ©. Cette Ă©volution rĂ©sulte dâun choix de sociĂ©tĂ© qui, compte tenu des enjeux liĂ©s Ă la question du dĂ©veloppement durable, semble devoir ĂȘtre remise en question. Une comparaison avec le systĂšme norvĂ©gien montre en effet quâil est possible de se saisir des APN pour initier les Ă©lĂšves Ă la vision Ă©co-centrĂ©e des rapports homme-nature. En promouvant cette approche plus contemplative de lâenseignement des APN Ă lâĂ©cole, la contribution des enseignants dâEPS pourrait alors sâavĂ©rer originale Ă lâĂ©ducation aux dĂ©fis environnementaux du 21Ăšme siĂšcle, et notamment Ă lâĂ©ducation Ă lâenvironnement.Implementing sustainable development subjects is a major concern for the educational system in France. In Physical Education (PE), outdoor education seems to be an ideal subject for this concern. But in French PE, policy makers choose rather to promote knowledge related to security. This ultimately results in distorting outdoor education by implementing them in shut-off and aseptic environments. This article shows how socially and historically situated this choice is. A comparison with outdoor education in Norway PE shows that by sometimes putting aside the concern of rationalizing learning content, it becomes possible to initiate large groups of pupils to eco-centered vision of man-nature relationship. Promoting and implementing contemplative practices could help French PE to better contribute to educating its pupils to 21st century environmental challenges
Analyse de la dynamique temporelle dâun set en badminton en fonction de niveaux de pratique : rĂ©flexions sur les stratĂ©gies couramment proposĂ©es en EPS
Dans la littĂ©rature en badminton, lâaspect spatial prime sur lâaspect temporel. Les Ă©tudes sur la structure temporelle sont exclusivement descriptives, relatives au haut niveau, et produisent des donnĂ©es gĂ©nĂ©riques et adynamiques, comme si le rapport au temps Ă©tait le mĂȘme pour lâensemble des joueurs et sur lâensemble du match. Notre Ă©tude vise Ă montrer que le rythme du set se rĂ©organise avec les mobiles du badiste. 50 sujets, classĂ©s dans les cinq Ă©tapes du curriculum conatif du joueur de badminton ont portĂ© un accĂ©lĂ©romĂštre lors dâun set filmĂ©. Nos rĂ©sultats, portant sur lâanalyse des 1806 points jouĂ©s, montrent que le rapport temps dâĂ©change / temps de non-jeu nâaugmente pas de maniĂšre linĂ©aire avec lâexpertise et que le diffĂ©rentiel entre la quantitĂ© de mouvement en jeu et pendant les phases de repos se rĂ©organise dâĂ©tape en Ă©tape. Il y a donc des rythmes ou temporalitĂ©s spĂ©cifiques en fonction des mobiles. Par ailleurs, au sein mĂȘme de certaines Ă©tapes, on observe une variation de ces facteurs en fonction de lâĂ©volution du rapport de force et / ou du moment du match pour les experts et les grands dĂ©butants. En pĂ©dagogie, câest donc la spĂ©cificitĂ© du jeu qui devrait orienter le choix didactique entre jeu au temps / jeu au point afin dâenvisager la temporalitĂ© de maniĂšre plus responsable.In the badminton literature, the spatial aspect takes precedence over the temporal aspect. Studies on the temporal structure are exclusively descriptive, relating to the high level, and produce generic and adynamic data as if the relationship to time was the same for all players and for the whole game. Our study aims to show that the rhythm of the set is reorganized with the intentions of the badist. 50 subjects, classified in the five steps of the badminton conative classification, wore an accelerometer during a filmed set. Our results, on the analysis of the 1806 points played show that the ratio of time during the game / non-game does not increase linearly with expertise and that the differential between the amount of movement in play and during rest time is reorganized step by step. There are therefore specific rhythms or temporalities depending on the registers of intention. Moreover, within certain stages, a variation of these factors can be observed depending on the evolution of the balance of power and / or the moment of the match for the experts and the beginners. In pedagogy, it is therefore the specificity of the game that should guide the didactic choice between score-based forms and time-based forms of class competition in order to consider temporality in a more âresponsibleâ way
How Knowledge About Physical Activity Is Impacted By School Institution, Grade Level, and Gender Throughout High School Years in France?
Purpose: Despite its relevance for the training of a well-rounded physically literate individual, the development of knowledge about physical activity (KPA) is understudied. We examined how KPA is differentiated and evolves according to grade level, gender, and type of school attended by an adolescent. Method: A reliable KPA assessment tool was developed. A three-way analysis of variance was used to analyze z scores on the effects of gender, grade level, and type of school on five different dimensions of knowledge. Results: The reliability was validated. Statistically significant interactions were revealed between grade and school institution on KPA z scores. Main results showed that vocational schools displayed significantly lower levels, compared to traditional ones. The only increase in knowledge according to grade was noticeable only in traditional schools. Results revealed no significant gender differences. Discussion: The French physical education system does not seem to provide an adequate level of KPA, especially in vocational schools
De las catacumbas a los Ășltimos confines: violencia, sentido y representaciĂłn en los periplos del martirio
En este trabajo propongo un anĂĄlisis transversal de las figuras del mĂĄrtir y del martirio. Recurriendo a la nociĂłn de mediaciĂłn, en la primera parte analizo el rol protagĂłnico de las representaciones del martirio en las prĂĄcticas de la memoria durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVI. Analizo algunas de las condiciones que contribuyeron a la emergencia de una "cultura del martirio" y el rol de las mediaciones en tal surgimiento. En la segunda parte, estudio la forma en que el (re)descubrimiento de las catacumbas romanas, abriĂł un campo de producciĂłn de sentido en torno a la figura del martirio. En la tercera parte, centrĂĄndome en la CompañĂa de JesĂșs, analizo algunas mediaciones a travĂ©s de las cuĂĄles las figuras del martirio transgredieron las fronteras de iglesias y conventos para proyectarse a los Ășltimos confines en un mundo en plena expansiĂłn.Neste artigo proponho uma anĂĄlise transversal das figuras do mĂĄrtir e do martĂrio. Usando a noção de mediação, na primeira parte eu tento analisar o papel de liderança de representaçÔes de martĂrio em prĂĄticas de memĂłria durante a segunda metade do sĂ©culo XVI. Eu analiso algumas das condiçÔes que contribuĂram para o surgimento de uma "cultura do martĂrio" e o papel da mediação nesta emergĂȘncia. Na segunda parte, eu estudo como a (re) descoberta das catacumbas romanas abriu um campo de produção de significados em torno da figura do martĂrio. Na terceira parte, com foco na Companhia de Jesus, analiso algumas mediaçÔes pelas quais as representaçÔes do martĂrio transgrediram as fronteiras de igrejas e conventos para se projetar nas fronteiras de um mundo em plena expansĂŁo mundial.This paper proposes a cross-sectional analysis of martyr and martyrdom. Through the notion of mediation, in the first part I analyze the leading role of representations of martyrdom in memory practices during the second half of the sixteenth century. I analyze some of the conditions that contributed to the emergence of a "martyrdom's culture" and the role of mediation in such emergence. The second part studies how the (re)discovery of the Roman catacombs encouraged the production of meanings around the figure of martyrdom. In the third part, focusing on the Society of Jesus, I analyze a few instances of mediation through which the figures of martyrdom transgressed the boundaries of churches and convents to project themselves to the last frontiers of a world in full expansion.Fil: Salamanca Villamizar, Carlos Arturo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas; Argentin
From rurality to ferality: A case study from the upper Moselle valley, France
In this paper we present the woodland dynamics of the Moselle valley, upstream from Nancy in north-eastern France. The Moselle flow regime has been partly preserved, although the valley underwent extensive land-uses in the past, with two periods of abandonment of agriculture practices since the 1870s. In the 2377 hectares of the Natura 2000 zone, the surface areas of all woodland patches of more than 0.1 ha were quantified by GIS (Arcview 3.3R), on the scale of 1 : 50.000 from aerial photographs from 1950 and 2003. One hundred and thirty-six phytosociological surveys were performed on vascular plants, and abundance â dominance was estimated by eye using the phytosociological scale. Human impact (cuttings, plantations, presence of ancient orchards) was evaluated by field trip. Woodlands were separated into two categories of conservation : high (i. e. natural character of forest architecture) and low (with human impacts). From these data, we quantified the surface areas of each forest community defined by phytosociology, as well as their conservation value. Fallopia x bohemica Chrtek & Chrtkova and Impatiens glandulifera
Royle were tested with regard to the following factors : forest type, shape (perimeter), size (surface area), and age (more or less than 50 years old), and the frequency of flooding. Data were analysed using the Kruskall-Wallis test. The total forest surface was 546.6 ha, split into 397 patches of various areas (ranging from 0.1 to 16.6 ha). On the current wooded forest surface, 11.1% was less than 50 years old. Four forest types were identified : willow bush (Salicetum triandrae) and willow tree (Salicetum albae) forest communities, both on river banks close to the river ; ash-alder (Pruno-Fraxinetum) on more elevated sites ; and marsh alder (Alnetum glutinosae) in old channels. The total species richness was 126. Ash-alder patches were the richest in species, and the most complex in architecture when not influenced by human activities. Communities of high conservation value were found in all forest types but in lower proportion than those of lower conservation value (28.4 versus 71.6%, respectively). Compared with other floodplain forests of similar ecology in the Rhine plain, the woodlands of the upper Moselle valley were more fragmented, but more natural because of the lack of recent silvicultural activities. Their relative youth explains why they lack native species of trees and some geophytes that are typical of mid-or late successional stages. Willow forests showed greater invasion by exotic species, and younger forests were invaded to a greater extent than forests over 50 years old by Fallopia x bohemica Chrtek & Khrtkova and Impatiens glandulifera Royle. The increase of woodlands in willow stands can be considered as a sign of modestly successful recovery from long-term deforestation. Of course, these fallows will never return to pristine old-growth forests. They could be defined as âferalâ or â dedomesticatedâ landscapes because succession processes will take different courses and different lengths of time compared with natural processes. Such âdedomesticatedâ landscapes would however provide interesting evolutionary perspectives for the long term and suggest the interest of research in the context of changing uses. Forests should be therefore allowed to continue their expansion so that the entire range of natural habitats, as well as novel habitats, are re-created and full functional links can be established between terrestrial and aquatic communities.Du «rural» au «fĂ©ral», une Ă©tude de cas en haute vallĂ©e de la Moselle, France.
Quelques rĂ©sultats sur la dynamique de succession dans la vallĂ©e de la Moselle en amont de Nancy sont prĂ©sentĂ©s dans cet article. Le rĂ©gime naturel de la riviĂšre a Ă©tĂ© relativement bien prĂ©servĂ© en dĂ©pit de prĂ©lĂšvements consĂ©quents de sĂ©diments dans la riviĂšre dans un passĂ© rĂ©cent, et des graviĂšres toujours en activitĂ© sur les bords externes de la vallĂ©e alluviale. La vallĂ©e a Ă©galement bĂ©nĂ©ficiĂ© de pratiques agricoles extensives jusquâen 1950 mais les forĂȘts avaient presque totalement disparu au 19Ăšme siĂšcle. Deux pĂ©riodes dâabandon partiel de ces activitĂ©s ont permis une progression de la forĂȘt depuis la fin du 19Ăšme siĂšcle. 2377 ha sont maintenant dans le rĂ©seau Natura 2000. Dans cette zone, la dynamique de recolonisation forestiĂšre a Ă©tĂ© quantifiĂ©e sur la base de photographies aĂ©riennes Ă lâĂ©chelle du cinquante milliĂšme, datant de 1950 et 2003. 136 relevĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©s selon la mĂ©thode classique de phytosociologie. La visualisation des impacts forestiers (coupes, plantations, vergers) a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e par les observations de terrain. Les forĂȘts ont Ă©tĂ© sĂ©parĂ©es en deux catĂ©gories de type de conservation : bon Ă©tat (caractĂšre naturel de lâarchitecture forestiĂšre) et Ă©tat moyen (avec impacts anthropiques visibles). Ă partir de ces donnĂ©es, les surfaces de chaque communautĂ© forestiĂšre dĂ©finie par la phytosociologie, ainsi que lâĂ©tat de conservation ont Ă©tĂ© quantifiĂ©s. Deux espĂšces exotiques trĂšs abondantes (Fallopia x bohemica Chrtek & Khrtkova et Impatiens glandulifera Royle) ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©es au regard des facteurs suivants : association forestiĂšre, pĂ©rimĂštre, surface, Ăąge. Les donnĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©es par le test non paramĂ©trique de Kruskall-Wallis. La surface totale des forĂȘts est de 545,5 ha, rĂ©partie en 397 boisements, de surfaces variant de 0,1 Ă 16,6 ha. 11,1 % des surfaces forestiĂšres sont ĂągĂ©es de moins de 50 ans. Quatre types forestiers ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s : saulaie buissonnante, saulaies souvent mĂȘlĂ©es de frĂȘne, aulnaie Ă frĂȘne en situation plus protĂ©gĂ©e des inondations, et aulnaie marĂ©cageuse Ă hautes herbes dans les chenaux en voie de comblement. La richesse totale est de 126 espĂšces. Les frĂȘnaies-aulnaies sont les plus riches en espĂšces, les plus complexes en architecture quand elles ne sont pas influencĂ©es par les activitĂ©s humaines. Les boisements bien prĂ©servĂ©s se situent dans tous les types forestiers, mais sont moindres en surface que ceux Ă Ă©tat de conservation infĂ©rieur (28,4 % contre 71,6 %). ComparĂ©s Ă dâautres forĂȘts dâĂ©cologie similaire de la plaine du Rhin, les boisements de la Moselle sont plus fragmentĂ©s, mais plus naturels car issus dâun dĂ©veloppement spontanĂ©. Leur relative jeunesse explique quâil manque certaines espĂšces des stades de succession matures parmi les arbres et les gĂ©ophytes. Les saulaies sont les plus riches en espĂšces exotiques, et les forĂȘts jeunes sont plus envahies que les forĂȘts ĂągĂ©es par les deux espĂšces envahissantes (RenouĂ©e du Japon, Impatiente de lâHimalaya). La recolonisation forestiĂšre qui a pu se produire grĂące Ă la dĂ©prise agricole peut ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ©e comme un modeste succĂšs pour la biodiversitĂ© de la vallĂ©e, soumise depuis des siĂšcles Ă des usages anthropiques qui ont dĂ©truit les milieux originels. Certes, cette nouvelle nature nâest pas celle des milieux originels. Elle pourrait plutĂŽt ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ©e comme une nature de type «fĂ©ral», issue dâune «dĂ©domestication» dâespaces cultivĂ©s laissĂ©s en dĂ©shĂ©rence sur le long terme. Afin de rĂ©tablir les liens entre habitats terrestres et aquatiques, mĂȘme diffĂ©rents de la nature originelle, il faudrait donc laisser le plus dâespace possible en Ă©volution libre.Schnitzler-Lenoble Annik, AumaĂźtre Damien, Schnitzler Christophe. From rurality to ferality: A case study from the upper Moselle valley, France. In: Revue d'Ăcologie (La Terre et La Vie), tome 66, n°2, 2011. pp. 117-133
Wolf denning behaviour in response to external disturbances and implications for pup survival
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