Etablierung eines 3D-inin-vitrovitro-Hautkultursystems für den obligat humanen Parasiten OnchocercaOnchocerca volvulusvolvulus

Onchocerciasis, the world's second-leading infectious cause of blindness in humans –prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa – is caused by Onchocerca volvulus (O. volvulus), an obligatory human parasitic filarial worm. Commonly known as river blindness, onchocerciasis is being targeted for elimination through ivermectin-based mass drug administration programs. However, ivermectin does not kill adult parasites, which can live and reproduce for more than 15 years within the human host. These impediments heighten the need for a deeper understanding of parasite biology and parasite-human host interactions, coupled with research into the development of new tools – macrofilaricidal drugs, diagnostics, and vaccines. Humans are the only definitive host for O. volvulus. Hence, no small-animal models exist for propagating the full life cycle of O. volvulus, so the adult parasites must be obtained surgically from subcutaneous nodules. A two-dimensional (2D) culture system allows that O. volvulus larvae develop from the vector-derived infective stage larvae (L3) in vitro to the early pre-adult L5 stages. As problematic, the in vitro development of O. volvulus to adult worms has so far proved infeasible. We hypothesized that an increased biological complexity of a three-dimensional (3D) culture system will support the development of O. volvulus larvae in vitro. Thus, we aimed to translate crucial factors of the in vivo environment of the developing worms into a culture system based on human skin. The proposed tissue model should contain 1. skinspecific extracellular matrix, 2. skin-specific cells, and 3. enable a direct contact of larvae and tissue components. For the achievement, a novel adipose tissue model was developed and integrated to a multilayered skin tissue comprised of epidermis, dermis and subcutis. Challenges of the direct culture within a 3D tissue model hindered the application of the three-layered skin tissue. However, the indirect coculture of larvae and skin models supported the growth of fourth stage (L4) larvae in vitro. The direct culture of L4 and adipose tissue strongly improved the larvae survival. Furthermore, the results revealed important cues that might represent the initial encapsulation of the developing worm within nodular tissue. These results demonstrate that tissue engineered 3D tissues represent an appropriate in vitro environment for the maintenance and examination of O. volvulus larvae.Onchozerkose, die weltweit zweithäufigste infektionsbedingte Ursache für Erblindung von Menschen, wird durch Onchocerca volvulus (O. volvulus) verursacht, ein parasitärer Fadenwurm. Die allgemein als Flussblindheit bekannte Onchozerkose wird mit dem Medikament Ivermectin bekämpft, das jedoch nicht die adulten Parasiten tötet, die im Menschen mehr als 15 Jahre lang leben und sich vermehren. Ein tieferes Verständnis der Biologie des Parasiten und dessen Interaktionen im menschlichen Wirt ist für die Erforschung und Entwicklung neuer Instrumente – makrofilarizide Medikamente, Diagnostika und Impfstoffe – erforderlich. Da der Mensch der einzige Endwirt für O. volvulus ist, gibt es keine Tiermodelle für dessen Vermehrung. Zu Forschungszwecken werden adulte Würmer daher chirurgisch aus subkutanen Knoten erkrankter Individuen gewonnen. Ein zweidimensionales (2D) Kultursystem ermöglicht die Entwicklung von aus dem Vektor isolierten infektiösen O. volvulus-Larven (L3) bis zu einem frühen präadulten Stadium. Als problematisch erwies sich bisher die in vitro Entwicklung von O. volvulus bis zum adulten Wurm. Unsere Hypothese ist, dass eine erhöhte biologische Komplexität des Kultursystems die Entwicklung von O. volvulus-Larven in vitro unterstützt. Daher wurden entscheidende Faktoren der in vivo-Umgebung entwickelnder Larven – die menschliche Haut – auf ein dreidimensionales (3D) Kultursystem übertragen. Dieses Kultursystem sollte 1. Haut-spezifische extrazelluläre Matrix enthalten, 2. hautspezifische Zellen und 3. einen direkten Kontakt zwischen Larven und Gewebekomponenten ermöglichen. Dafür wurde ein neuartiges Fettgewebemodell entwickelt, das in ein mehrschichtiges Hautgewebe integriert wurde – bestehend aus Epidermis, Dermis und subkutanem Fettgewebe. Die Anwendung des dreischichtigen Hautgewebes als direktes Kultursystem wurde durch technische Herausforderungen verhindert. Jedoch unterstützte die indirekte Ko-Kultur von Hautmodellen das Wachstum der Larven (L4) in vitro. Die direkte Kultur mit dem Fettgewebemodell verbesserte die Viabilität der Larven signifikant. Darüber hinaus konnten Anzeichen für eine beginnende Verkapselung der Larven durch humane Zellen und Matrix gezeigt werden kann. Die Ergebnisse demonstrieren, dass humane Gewebemodelle eine angemessene in vitro-Umgebung für die Kultur und die Erforschung von O. volvulus darstellen

Preliminary evaluations of 3-dimensional human skin models for their ability to facilitate in vitro the long-term development of the debilitating obligatory human parasite Onchocerca volvulus.

Onchocerciasis also known as river blindness is a neglected tropical disease and the world's second-leading infectious cause of blindness in humans; it is caused by Onchocerca volvulus. Current treatment with ivermectin targets microfilariae and transmission and does not kill the adult parasites, which reside within subcutaneous nodules. To support the development of macrofilaricidal drugs that target the adult worm to further support the elimination of onchocerciasis, an in-depth understanding of O. volvulus biology especially the factors that support the longevity of these worms in the human host (>10 years) is required. However, research is hampered by a lack of access to adult worms. O. volvulus is an obligatory human parasite and no small animal models that can propagate this parasite were successfully developed. The current optimized 2-dimensional (2-D) in vitro culturing method starting with O. volvulus infective larvae does not yet support the development of mature adult worms. To overcome these limitations, we have developed and applied 3-dimensional (3-D) culture systems with O. volvulus larvae that simulate the human in vivo niche using in vitro engineered skin and adipose tissue. Our proof of concept studies have shown that an optimized indirect co-culture of in vitro skin tissue supported a significant increase in growth of the fourth-stage larvae to the pre-adult stage with a median length of 816-831 μm as compared to 767 μm of 2-D cultured larvae. Notably, when larvae were co-cultured directly with adipose tissue models, a significant improvement for larval motility and thus fitness was observed; 95% compared to 26% in the 2-D system. These promising co-culture concepts are a first step to further optimize the culturing conditions and improve the long-term development of adult worms in vitro. Ultimately, it could provide the filarial research community with a valuable source of O. volvulus worms at various developmental stages, which may accelerate innovative unsolved biomedical inquiries into the parasite's biology

Fully Synthetic 3D Fibrous Scaffolds for Stromal Tissues—Replacement of Animal‐Derived Scaffold Materials Demonstrated by Multilayered Skin

The extracellular matrix (ECM) of soft tissues in vivo has remarkable biological and structural properties. Thereby, the ECM provides mechanical stability while it still can be rearranged via cellular remodeling during tissue maturation or healing processes. However, modern synthetic alternatives fail to provide these key features among basic properties. Synthetic matrices are usually completely degraded or are inert regarding cellular remodeling. Based on a refined electrospinning process, a method is developed to generate synthetic scaffolds with highly porous fibrous structures and enhanced fiber‐to‐fiber distances. Since this approach allows for cell migration, matrix remodeling, and ECM synthesis, the scaffold provides an ideal platform for the generation of soft tissue equivalents. Using this matrix, an electrospun‐based multilayered skin equivalent composed of a stratified epidermis, a dermal compartment, and a subcutis is able to be generated without the use of animal matrix components. The extension of classical dense electrospun scaffolds with high porosities and motile fibers generates a fully synthetic and defined alternative to collagen‐gel‐based tissue models and is a promising system for the construction of tissue equivalents as in vitro models or in vivo implants

Perfusable Tissue Bioprinted into a 3D-Printed Tailored Bioreactor System

Bioprinting provides a powerful tool for regenerative medicine, as it allows tissue construction with a patient’s specific geometry. However, tissue culture and maturation, commonly supported by dynamic bioreactors, are needed. We designed a workflow that creates an implant-specific bioreactor system, which is easily producible and customizable and supports cell cultivation and tissue maturation. First, a bioreactor was designed and different tissue geometries were simulated regarding shear stress and nutrient distribution to match cell culture requirements. These tissues were then directly bioprinted into the 3D-printed bioreactor. To prove the ability of cell maintenance, C2C12 cells in two bioinks were printed into the system and successfully cultured for two weeks. Next, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were successfully differentiated toward an adipocyte lineage. As the last step of the presented strategy, we developed a prototype of an automated mobile docking station for the bioreactor. Overall, we present an open-source bioreactor system that is adaptable to a wound-specific geometry and allows cell culture and differentiation. This interdisciplinary roadmap is intended to close the gap between the lab and clinic and to integrate novel 3D-printing technologies for regenerative medicine

Deletion of classical transient receptor potential 1, 3 and 6 alters pulmonary vasoconstriction in chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in mice

Chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (CHPH) is a severe disease that is characterized by increased proliferation and migration of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) leading to pulmonary vascular remodeling. The resulting increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) causes right ventricular hypertrophy and ultimately right heart failure. In addition, increased PVR can also be a consequence of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) under generalized hypoxia. Increased proliferation and migration of PASMCs are often associated with high intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Recent publications suggest that Ca2+-permeable nonselective classical transient receptor potential (TRPC) proteins—especially TRPC1 and 6—are crucially involved in acute and sustained hypoxic responses and the pathogenesis of CHPH. The aim of our study was to investigate whether the simultaneous deletion of TRPC proteins 1, 3 and 6 protects against CHPH-development and affects HPV in mice. We used a mouse model of chronic hypoxia as well as isolated, ventilated and perfused mouse lungs and PASMC cell cultures. Although right ventricular systolic pressure as well as echocardiographically assessed PVR and right ventricular wall thickness (RVWT) were lower in TRPC1, 3, 6-deficient mice, these changes were not related to a decreased degree of pulmonary vascular muscularization and a reduced proliferation of PASMCs. However, both acute and sustained HPV were almost absent in the TRPC1, 3, 6-deficient mice and their vasoconstrictor response upon KCl application was reduced. This was further validated by myographical experiments. Our data revealed that 1) TRPC1, 3, 6-deficient mice are partially protected against development of CHPH, 2) these changes may be caused by diminished HPV and not an altered pulmonary vascular remodeling.Fil: Malkmus, Kathrin. Justus Liebig Universitat Giessen; AlemaniaFil: Brosien, Monika. Justus Liebig Universitat Giessen; AlemaniaFil: Knoepp, Fenja. Justus Liebig Universitat Giessen; AlemaniaFil: Schaffelhofer, Lisa. Justus Liebig Universitat Giessen; AlemaniaFil: Grimminger, Friedrich. Justus Liebig Universitat Giessen; AlemaniaFil: Rummel, Christoph. Justus Liebig Universitat Giessen; AlemaniaFil: Gudermann, Thomas. Ludwig Maximilians Universitat; AlemaniaFil: Dietrich, Alexander. Ludwig Maximilians Universitat; AlemaniaFil: Birnbaumer, Lutz. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina "Santa María de los Buenos Aires". Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; ArgentinaFil: Weissmann, Norbert. Ludwig Maximilians Universitat; AlemaniaFil: Kraut, Simone. Ludwig Maximilians Universitat; Alemani

The Distributed and Unified Numerics Environment, Version 2.4

The Dune project has released version 2.4 on September 25, 2015. This paper describes the most significant improvements, interface and other changes for the Dune core modules Dune- Common, Dune-Geometry, Dune-Grid, Dune-ISTL, and Dune-LocalFunctions