Electrical Re-Writable Non-Volatile Memory Device based on PEDOT:PSS Thin Film

open access articleIn this research, we investigate the memory behavior of poly(3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) cross bar structure memory cells. We demonstrate that Al/PEDOT:PSS/Al cells fabricated elements exhibit a bipolar switching and reproducible behavior via current–voltage, endurance, and retention time tests. We ascribe the physical origin of the bipolar switching to the change of the electrical conductivity of PEDOT:PSS due to electrical field induced dipolar reorientation

On Linearizing Systems of Diffusion Equations

We consider systems of diffusion equations that have considerable interest in Soil Science and Mathematical Biology and focus upon the problem of finding those forms of this class that can be linearized. In particular we use the equivalence transformations of the second generation potential system to derive forms of this system that can be linearized. In turn, these transformations lead to nonlocal mappings that linearize the original system.Comment: Published in SIGMA (Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications) at http://www.emis.de/journals/SIGMA

A Turbulent Adolescence Ahead: The ICC’s Insistence on Disclosure in the Lubanga Trial

The completion of the first trial at the International Criminal Court (ICC) against Thomas Lubanga Dyilo was a great milestone for international criminal justice. Despite this obvious accomplishment, this article argues that the Trial Chamber’s solutions to two evidentiary problems will restrict the ICC’s potential to effectively hear future cases. First, this article presents the details behind the two evidentiary problems of disclosure: that of exculpatory confidential information and that of the identities of the prosecutor’s intermediaries. This analysis is exhaustive in order to highlight the challenges that the Prosecutor faced and the manner in which the ICC Chambers responded. The article then demonstrates how the Chamber’s focus on the fairness of the Lubanga trial has undermined the ICC’s greater goal of ending impunity and achieving accountability for international criminal acts. This article seeks to highlight two areas of concern for the ICC’s future as an international court which, if left unaddressed, may harm international justice disproportionately more than the benefits conferred upon it by the Lubanga case

Automated manipulation of musical grammars to support episodic interactive experiences

Music is used to enhance the experience of participants and visitors in a range of settings including theatre, film, video games, installations and theme parks. These experiences may be interactive, contrastingly episodic and with variable duration. Hence, the musical accompaniment needs to be dynamic and to transition between contrasting music passages. In these contexts, computer generation of music may be necessary for practical reasons including distribution and cost. Automated and dynamic composition algorithms exist but are not well-suited to a highly interactive episodic context owing to transition-related problems including discontinuity, abruptness, extended repetitiveness and lack of musical granularity and musical form. Addressing these problems requires algorithms capable of reacting to participant behaviour and episodic change in order to generate formic music that is continuous and coherent during transitions. This thesis presents the Form-Aware Transitioning and Recovering Algorithm (FATRA) for realtime, adaptive, form-aware music generation to provide continuous musical accompaniment in episodic context. FATRA combines stochastic grammar adaptation and grammar merging in real time. The Form-Aware Transition Engine (FATE) implementation of FATRA estimates the time-occurrence of upcoming narrative transitions and generates a harmonic sequence as narrative accompaniment with a focus on coherent, form-aware music transitioning between music passages of contrasting character. Using FATE, FATRA has been evaluated in three perceptual user studies: An audioaugmented real museum experience, a computer-simulated museum experience and a music-focused online study detached from narrative. Music transitions of FATRA were benchmarked against common approaches of the video game industry, i.e. crossfading and direct transitions. The participants were overall content with the music of FATE during their experience. Transitions of FATE were significantly favoured against the crossfading benchmark and competitive against the direct transitions benchmark, without statistical significance for the latter comparison. In addition, technical evaluation demonstrated capabilities of FATRA including form generation, repetitiveness avoidance and style/form recovery in case of falsely predicted narrative transitions. Technical results along with perceptual preference and competitiveness against the benchmark approaches are deemed as positive and the structural advantages of FATRA, including form-aware transitioning, carry considerable potential for future research

Tissue substitutes for particulate radiations and their use in radiation dosimetry and radiotherapy

PhDMost of the tissue substitute materials currently used inclinical radiation dosimetry are designed to simulate muscle or bone when irradiated with photons A few materials have been developed for neutron dosimetry, but substitutes speci fically designed for beams of high energy charged particles are not to be found in the literature. This thesis deals with the formulation and manufacture of, tissue substitutes for particulate radiations and the subsequent application of these substitutes in dlectron, pion, proton and neutron dosimetry. The method of "elemental equivalence" was used and over 80 solid, gel and liquid substitutes have been produced2 which simulate the most important tissues (adipose, blood, bone, muscle, etc), body organs (brain, lungj etc) and tissue components (fat, protein, water). Most of these materials are "tissue equivalent" and are useful for all types of radiations. The compilation of selected chemical compounds (compound library) used for the formulatign; and the computer programs written for the theoretical evaluation of the new materials are described and discussed. The experimental comparison of some selected substitutes with the corresponding real tissues, using fast neutrons, high energy protons, cobalt-60 gamma rays and 120 kVP X-rays., verified the high precision of the simulation procedures. The results of depth dose measurements in various tissue substitutes ý as well as water, using 7.5 MeV neutrons 150 MeV protons, 70 MeV negative pions , 10 MeV electrons and cobalt-60 gamma rays are presented. The effect of tissue heterogeneities on the dose distributions from thesý radiations was investigated. Isodose shift factors for air, lung, fat and bone were derived for all the above radiation modalities and detailed lung correction factors were measured for 7.5 MeV neutrons and cobalt-60 gamma rays. In view of the proposed use of the 160 MeV proton beam of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment (Harwell, JJ. K) for patient treatment, a complete series of pre-therapeutic measurements was performed with this proton beam facility using the new materials, and the results are presented and discussed in detail. Finally, the applications of the new substitutes in other practical clinical aspects are described and some examples of such applications given